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| Preface | |
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| ECM Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History | |
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| Component Requirements | |
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| ECM Receiver Requirements | |
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| System Requirements | |
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| Electronic Warfare | |
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| Electronic Support Measures (ESM) | |
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| Electronic Counter-counter Measures (ECCM) | |
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| Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) | |
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| Radar Environment | |
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| Early Warning Radars | |
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| Height Finding Radars | |
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| Acquistion Radars | |
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| Fire Control Radars | |
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| Terminal Guidance Radars | |
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| Missile Fuze | |
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| Communication | |
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| Radar Concepts | |
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| Range Measurement | |
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| Angle Measurement | |
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| Range Rate Measurement | |
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| Angular Rate Measurement | |
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| Electronic Countermeasures Response | |
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| Early Warning Radar | |
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| Acquistion Radar | |
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| Fire Control Radar | |
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| Terminal Guidance Radars | |
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| Fuze | |
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| Summary | |
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| ECM Principles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reflected Signal Power Level | |
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| Power Received at the Radar from a Constant Power Transmitter | |
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| Jamming-to-Signal Ratio (J/S) | |
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| Burn-through Range | |
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| Jammer Power Required | |
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| Power Dilution due to Jamming Bandwidth | |
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| Jammer Located at Different Range from Target | |
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| Jammer Located at Different Angle from Target | |
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| Constant Power versus Constant Gain Systems | |
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| Repeater--Constant Gain System | |
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| Transponder--Constant Power System | |
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| Noise--Constant Power System | |
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| Constant Gain System Calculations | |
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| Limiting Value of a Constant Gain System | |
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| Effect of Pulse Compression | |
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| Pulse Compression Using Frequency Modulation | |
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| Pulse Compression Using Phase Modulation | |
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| Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Search Radar Range Countermeasures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radar Range Measurement | |
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| Pulse Radars | |
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| FM/CW Radars | |
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| Pulsed Doppler Radars | |
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| Radar Range ECM | |
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| Target Cover | |
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| Target Confusion | |
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| Velocity ECM | |
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| Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) | |
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| Carrier Frequency Agile Radars | |
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| PRF Agile Radars | |
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| Multiple Radar Capability | |
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| Noise | |
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| Multiple False Targets | |
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| Doppler Radar Jamming | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Search Radar Angle Countermeasures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Search Radar Angle Measurement | |
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| Angle Measurement ECM | |
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| ERP Required | |
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| Constant Power ECM Transmitter | |
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| Inverse Power Programming | |
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| Doppler Radars | |
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| Electronic Counter-Countermeasures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electronically Steerable Antennas | |
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| Angle ECM Multiple Radar Compatibility | |
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| Inverse Power Programming | |
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| Cross-Polarization | |
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| Range, Doppler and Angle ECM Compatibility | |
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| Summary | |
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| Tracking Radar Range Countermeasures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tracking Radar Range Measurement | |
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| Pulse Range Tracking | |
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| Pulse Range Tracking ECM | |
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| Leading-Edge Tracking | |
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| Pulsed Doppler Range Tracking | |
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| Radar Doppler Tracking | |
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| Doppler Tracking ECM | |
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| Electronic Counter-Countermeasures | |
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| Range Gate Pull-off ECCM | |
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| Velocity Gate Pull-off ECCM | |
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| Multiple Radar Compatibility | |
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| Range Gate Pull-off | |
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| Velocity Gate Pull-off | |
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| Compatibility Between RGPO and VGPO | |
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| Summary | |
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| Tracking Radar Angle Countermeasures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sequential Lobing Tracking Radars | |
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| ECM versus Sequential Lobing Radars | |
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| Swept Square Wave ECM | |
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| J/S Required | |
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| Monopulse Tracking Radars | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Amplitude Monopulse Tracking Radar | |
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| Phase Monopulse Tracking Radar | |
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| Cross-Polarization ECM | |
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| Cross-Eye | |
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| J/S Requirement for the Monopulse Techniques | |
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| Other ECM Techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data Rate Reduction--Sequential Lobing Radars | |
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| Data Rate Reduction--Monopulse Radars | |
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| Ground Bounce | |
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| Expendable Electronic Decoy | |
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| Track-While-Scan (TWS) Radars | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sequential Scanning TWS Radars | |
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| TWS Radars Using Electronically Steerable Antennas | |
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| Downlink ECM | |
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| Summary | |
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| Other Radars | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Interceptor Guidance Radars | |
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| Missile Fuze | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) | |
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| Resource Management in ECM Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Power Sharing | |
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| Resource Management | |
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| Resource Management of Responses | |
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| Resource Sharing in Frequency | |
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| Resource Sharing in Time | |
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| Resource Sharing in Space | |
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| Resource Sharing in Polarization | |
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| Receiver Requirements for Resource Management | |
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| Signal Processing | |
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| Signal Processing Data Flow | |
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| Summary | |
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| Radar-ECM Challenges | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radar Developments | |
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| ECM Developments | |
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| Future Radar--ECM Advancements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radar Advancements | |
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| ECM Advancements | |
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| Summary | |
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| Use of the Decibel | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Graphing | |
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| Decibel Determination | |
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| Conversion from Value to Decibels | |
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| Converting Decibels to Ratio | |
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| Who Sees Whom First? | |
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| Problem | |
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| Approach | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Example | |
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| Summary | |
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| Range Ambiguity Resolution in Pulsed Doppler Radars | |
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| General | |
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| Two-PRF Case | |
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| Range Calculation | |
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| Effect of Multiple Targets | |
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| Three-PRF Case | |
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| Range Calculation | |
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| Effect of Multiple Targets | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |