| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction: The Issue Is Deeper than American Movies | |
| |
| |
| The Evolving Global System | |
| |
| |
| Economic Issues | |
| |
| |
| Objectives of the Study | |
| |
| |
| Organization of the Volume and Summary of Findings | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Road Map for the TRIPs Ahead | |
| |
| |
| General Obligations | |
| |
| |
| Copyrights | |
| |
| |
| Trademarks and Indications | |
| |
| |
| Patents | |
| |
| |
| Integrated Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Trade Secrets | |
| |
| |
| Control of Anticompetitive Practices | |
| |
| |
| Enforcement | |
| |
| |
| Transition Periods | |
| |
| |
| Administration of TRIPs | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Globalization and the Economics of Intellectual Property Rights: Dancing the Dual Distortion | |
| |
| |
| Economics of Intellectual Property Rights | |
| |
| |
| Structures and Objectives of IPRs | |
| |
| |
| Sectoral Reliance on IPRs | |
| |
| |
| The Evolving US System: Protectionism Unchained? | |
| |
| |
| Globalization and the Technology Content of Trade | |
| |
| |
| Pressures for Change in the Global IPRs System | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Global Effects of Intellectual Property Rights: Measuring What Cannot Be Seen | |
| |
| |
| Measuring Intellectual Property Rights across Borders | |
| |
| |
| Determinants of Intellectual Property Rights | |
| |
| |
| The Effects of IPRs on International Economic Activity | |
| |
| |
| IPRs and International Technology Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development: Patents, Growth, and Growing Pains | |
| |
| |
| How IPRs Contribute to Development | |
| |
| |
| Global Research and Development | |
| |
| |
| How IPRs Hamper Economic Development | |
| |
| |
| Evidence on the Overall Impact of IPRs on Growth | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Global Policy Framework: Intellectual Property Rights and Wrongs? | |
| |
| |
| Putting TRIPs into Action | |
| |
| |
| TRIPs as an Economic Optimizer | |
| |
| |
| Regional Initiatives | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Benefiting from Intellectual Property Protection: Take the Medicine, but Get Some Exercise, Too | |
| |
| |
| National Policies to Optimize IPRs | |
| |
| |
| IPRs and Social Regulation | |
| |
| |
| International Initiatives | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions and Policy Recommendations: Are We There Yet? | |
| |
| |
| Where We Are | |
| |
| |
| Where We Are Going | |
| |
| |
| Does TRIPs Belong in the WTO? | |
| |
| |
| The Way Forward Is to Be Forward-Looking | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Substantive requirements of the TRIPs agreement in the WTO | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instruments and agreements for protecting IPRs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patent applications in selected countries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trademark applications in selected countries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications for registrations of plant varieties in selected countries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indicators of demand for copyright products in selected countries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trade in IPR-sensitive goods for selected countries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trade in IPR-sensitive services and royalties and license fees | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inward and outward stocks of foreign direct investment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Membership trends in key intellectual property conventions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qualitative trends in intellectual property protection, selected countries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indices of the strength of IPRs laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Survey indices of perceived strength of IPRs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimated rates of software piracy and lost revenues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determinants of Ginarte-Park Patent Rights Index | |
| |
| |
| |
| 1985 income levels and 1990 predicted patent indices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simulated increases in total imports by sector into developing countries resulting from strengthened patent laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Percentage of firms claiming that strength or weakness of IPRs has a strong effect on whether direct investments will be made, by type of facility, 1991 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Percentage of firms claiming that intellectual property protection is too weak to permit type of investment, 1991 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simultaneous equations models of the impact of patent strength on international exploitation of intellectual assets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimates of the general-equilibrium knowledge capital model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simulated static effects of stronger IPRs enforcement in Lebanon, 1996 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimated static rent transfers from TRIPs-induced strengthening of 1998 patent laws | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimates of how TRIPs patent changes affect international flows of economic activity for selected countries | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of IPRs exhaustion regimes | |
| |
| |
| Figures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic access innovation trade-off in IPRs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationship between patent rights and per capita GNP | |