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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introductory Concepts | |
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| Definitions and Context | |
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| Chronological Age and Age Groups | |
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| Why Study These Phenomena? | |
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| Types of Studies | |
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| Principles of Measurement and Observation | |
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| Overview of Postnatal Growth: Scammon's Curves | |
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| General Regulation of Growth and Maturation | |
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| Sources of Growth, Performance, and Activity Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Prenatal Growth and Functional Development | |
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| Stages of Prenatal Growth | |
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| Sex Differentiation | |
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| Twins and Twinning | |
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| Prenatal Loss | |
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| Congenital Malformations | |
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| Fetal Growth | |
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| Fetal Motor Activity | |
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| Factors That Affect Birth Weight | |
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| Overview of the Prenatal Period | |
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| Fetal Origins of Adult Diseases | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Postnatal Growth | |
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| Somatic Growth | |
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| Measurements Commonly Used in Growth Studies | |
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| Growth in Stature and Body Weight | |
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| Growth of the Body Mass Index | |
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| Growth Patterns in Other Body Dimensions | |
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| Changes in Body Proportions | |
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| Adjusting for Variation in Body Size-Scaling | |
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| Tracking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Development of Physique | |
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| Concept of Somatotype | |
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| Methods in the Assessment of Physique | |
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| Somatotyping Children and Adolescents | |
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| Examples of Somatotypes of Individuals During Growth | |
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| Distributions of Somatotypes | |
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| Change in Somatotype During Growth | |
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| Tracking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Body Composition | |
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| Models of Body Composition | |
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| Methods for Estimating Body Composition | |
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| Applications to Children and Adolescents | |
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| Concept of Chemical Maturity | |
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| Composition of the Fat-Free Mass in Children and Adolescents | |
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| Changes in Body Density and Total-Body Water During Growth | |
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| Growth in Fat-Free Mass, Fat Mass, and Percent Fat | |
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| Tracking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Bone Tissue in Skeletal Growth and Body Composition | |
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| Bone Cells | |
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| Bone Formation | |
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| Growth of a Long Bone | |
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| Bone As a Component of Body Composition | |
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| Tracking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | |
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| Muscle As a Tissue | |
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| Myogenesis | |
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| Muscle Fiber Types | |
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| Muscle Fiber Size | |
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| Contractile Properties of Muscle | |
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| Metabolic Properties of Muscle | |
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| Assessing Muscle Mass of the Body | |
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| Development of Muscle Tissue by Bodily Region | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Adipose Tissue | |
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| The Fat Cell As a Complex Structure | |
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| Stages and Mechanisms of Adipogenesis | |
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| White and Brown Adipose Cells | |
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| White Adipose Tissue in Prenatal Life | |
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| White Adipose Tissue in Postnatal Life | |
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| Subcutaneous Fat Distribution During Growth | |
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| Abdominal Visceral Fat During Growth | |
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| Stability of Body Fat During Growth | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Functional Development | |
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| Heart, Blood, and Lungs | |
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| Features of Fetal Circulation | |
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| Cardiopulmonary Adjustments at Birth | |
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| Changes in Heart Size | |
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| Changes in Heart Functions | |
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| Changes in Features of Blood During Growth | |
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| Changes in Lungs and Respiratory Functions During Growth | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Motor Development | |
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| What Is Motor Development? | |
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| Motor Pattern and Skill | |
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| Classifications of Motor Activities | |
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| The Newborn Infant and the Reflexes of Infancy | |
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| Motor Development -Birth to 2 Years of Age | |
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| Development of Independent Walking | |
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| Development of Fundamental Motor Skills | |
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| Early Motor Development and Growth of the Brain | |
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| Status at Birth and Subsequent Motor Development | |
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| Early Postnatal Growth and Motor Development | |
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| Overview of Motor Development | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Strength and Motor Performance | |
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| Physical Fitness | |
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| Measures of Strength and Motor Performance | |
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| Performance in Early Childhood | |
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| Performance in Middle Childhood and Adolescence | |
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| Relationships of Strength and Motor Performance to Size, Physique, and Body Composition | |
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| Scaling of Strength and Motor Performance | |
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| Tracking | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Aerobic Performance | |
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| Measurement Issues | |
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| Growth-Related Adaptations in Aerobic Performance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Anaerobic Performance | |
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| Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Energy Turnover | |
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| Determinants of Anaerobic Performance | |
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| Measurement Issues | |
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| Growth and the Determinants of Anaerobic Performance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Thermoregulation During Growth | |
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| The Physics of Heat Transfer | |
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| Physiologic Means of Thermoregulation | |
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| Responses to Heat Associated With Growth and Maturation | |
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| Acclimatization and Acclimation | |
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| Responses to Cold Climates | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Biological Maturation | |
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| Biological Maturation: Concepts and Assessment | |
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| Assessing Skeletal Maturity | |
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| Assessing Sexual Maturity | |
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| Assessing Somatic Maturity | |
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| Assessing Dental Maturity | |
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| Interrelationships Among Maturity Indicators | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Timing and Sequence of Changes During Adolescence | |
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| Adolescent Growth Spurt | |
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| Sexual Maturity | |
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| Sequence of Sexual and Somatic Maturity | |
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| Growth Spurts in Other Dimensions | |
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| Body Dimensions and Composition Relative to Peak Height Velocity | |
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| Growth Spurts in Performance | |
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| Performance Relative to Menarche | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in Growth and Performance | |
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| Classifying Children by Maturity Status | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Size | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in Physique | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Composition | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in Adipose Tissue Distribution | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in Strength and Motor Performance | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in the Adaptation to Exercise and VO2max | |
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| Maturity-Associated Variation in Anaerobic Performance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Influencing Factors | |
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| Genetic Regulation of Growth, Maturation, and Performance | |
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| The Human Genome | |
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| The Human Gene | |
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| From Genes to Proteins to Phenotypes | |
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| Gene Expression | |
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| The Special Case of Mitochondrial DNA | |
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| Genetic Variation in Human Genes | |
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| The Multifactorial Phenotype | |
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| Genetics of Fetal Development | |
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| Genetic Influences on the Newborn | |
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| Genetics of Selected Growth Phenotypes | |
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| Genetics of Maturation | |
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| Genetics of Selected Performance Phenotypes | |
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| Examples of Growth-Related Genes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Maturation | |
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| Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, and Intracrine Systems | |
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| Endocrine Hormones | |
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| Other Growth-Promoting Factors and Hormones | |
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| Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones | |
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| Growth Hormone and Related Growth Factors | |
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| Thyroid Hormones | |
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| Parathyroid and Calcitonin Hormones | |
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| Hormones From the Adrenal Medulla and Cortex | |
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| Gonadal Glands and Hormones | |
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| Insulin and Glucagon | |
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| Leptin | |
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| Regulation of Puberty | |
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| Menstrual Cycle | |
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| Overview of Hormones and Their Actions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Energy and Nutritional Requirements | |
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| Nutrients | |
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| Breast-Feeding and the Infant | |
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| Energy Needs | |
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| Energy Requirements for Growth | |
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| Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Energy Intake | |
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| DRI for Protein Intake | |
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| DRI for Lipid Intake | |
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| Carbohydrate Requirements | |
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| Vitamin Requirements | |
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| Mineral Requirements | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure: Assessment, Trends, and Tracking | |
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| What Is Physical Activity? | |
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| What Is Energy Expenditure? | |
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| Methods of Assessing Patterns or Levels of Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure | |
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| Developmental Trends in Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure | |
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| Tracking of Physical Activity Levels | |
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| Correlates of Physical Activity Levels in Childhood and Adolescence | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Physical Activity As a Factor in Growth, Maturation, and Performance | |
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| Physical Activity | |
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| Approaches to the Study of Physical Activity | |
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| Activity and Stature | |
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| Activity, Body Weight, and Body Composition | |
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| Activity and Physique | |
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| Activity and Specific Tissues | |
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| Activity and Biological Maturity | |
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| Overview of Activity, Growth, and Maturation | |
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| Activity, Fitness, and Performance | |
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| The Concept of Trainability | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Undernutrition in Childhood and Adolescence | |
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| Criteria | |
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| Prevalence | |
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| Forms of Undernutrition | |
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| Undernutrition in Preschool Children | |
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| Undernutrition in School-Age Children | |
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| Long-Term Consequences of Undernutrition | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence | |
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| Indicators | |
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| Criteria and Prevalence | |
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| Correlates of Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Consequences of Obesity for Children and Adolescents | |
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| Long-Term Consequences of Obesity | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Other Factors Affecting Growth, Maturation, Performance, and Activity | |
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| Social Conditions, Growth, and Maturation | |
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| Social Conditions, Motor Development, Performance, and Activity | |
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| Ethnic Variation in Growth and Maturity | |
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| Ethnic Variation in Motor Development, Performance, and Activity | |
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| Climate, Growth, and Maturity | |
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| Climate, Performance, and Physical Activity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Applications | |
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| Risk Factors During Growth and Adult Health | |
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| Primary and Secondary Prevention | |
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| Risk Factors for Common Metabolic Diseases | |
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| Current Risk Profile of Children and Adolescents | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Chronic Clinical Conditions and Physical Disabilities | |
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| Selected Clinical Conditions That Affect Growth and Maturation | |
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| Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions | |
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| Fitness and Performance of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| The Young Athlete | |
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| Participation in Youth Sports | |
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| Selection and Exclusion in Sport | |
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| Who Is the Young Athlete? | |
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| Stature and Weight of Young Athletes | |
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| Maturity Status and Progress of Young Athletes | |
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| Age at Menarche in Athletes | |
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| Physique of Young Athletes | |
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| Body Composition of Young Athletes | |
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| Motor Performance Characteristics of Young Athletes | |
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| Physiological Characteristics of Young Athletes | |
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| Does Training for Sport Influence the Growth and Maturity of Young Athletes? | |
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| Gymnastics and Ballet: Special Cases? | |
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| Overview | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Secular Trends in Growth, Maturation, and Performance | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Sources of Secular Trend Data | |
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| Limitations and Assumptions in Secular Comparisons | |
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| Secular Trends in Body Size | |
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| Secular Trends in Body Proportions | |
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| Secular Trends in Indicators of Maturity | |
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| Secular Trends in Performance | |
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| Secular Trends in Developing Countries | |
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| Factors Underlying Secular Trends | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and Suggested Readings | |
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| Suggestions for Individual and Group Activities | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |