| |
| |
| |
Conceptual Foundations for Conservation Biology | |
| |
| |
| |
What Is Conservation Biology? | |
| |
| |
| |
Expanding Human Demands on Earth | |
| |
| |
Responding to Global Change: The Field of Conservation Biology | |
| |
| |
A Brief History of Conservation Biology | |
| |
| |
Conservation in the United States | |
| |
| |
Guiding Principles for Conservation Biology | |
| |
| |
Pervasive Aspects of Conservation Biology Efforts | |
| |
| |
A Final Word | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Global Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
What Is Biodiversity and Why Is it Important? | |
| |
| |
Components of Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
How Many Species Are There? | |
| |
| |
Diversity of Higher Taxa | |
| |
| |
Diversity of Biological Communities | |
| |
| |
Ecosystem and Biome Diversity, and the World's Ecoregions | |
| |
| |
Species Richness over Geological Time | |
| |
| |
Patterns of Endemism | |
| |
| |
Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness | |
| |
| |
Species Richness-Energy Relationships | |
| |
| |
Disturbance and Species Richness | |
| |
| |
The Future of Biodiversity Studies | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Threats to Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
| |
Major Threats to Biodiversity and Their Interaction | |
| |
| |
Anthropogenic Extinctions and Their Community and Ecosystem Impacts | |
| |
| |
Current Patterns of Global Endangerment | |
| |
| |
What Types of Species Are Most Vulnerable to Extinction? | |
| |
| |
Responses to the Biodiversity Crisis | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation Values and Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
The Value of Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
Monetizing the Value of Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
Conservation Ethics | |
| |
| |
Biocentrism | |
| |
| |
Ecocentrism | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecological Economics and Nature Conservation | |
| |
| |
| |
Why Do We Need Ecological Economics? | |
| |
| |
Cost-Benefit Analysis and its Application to Conservation | |
| |
| |
What Kind of Values Does Biodiversity Have? | |
| |
| |
Converting Biodiversity's Value into Monetary Terms | |
| |
| |
Project Assessment in CBA | |
| |
| |
Alternative Decision-Making Methods for the Environment | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Focus on Primary Threats to Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
| |
Habitat Degradation and Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
What Constitutes Habitat Degradation and When Is Habitat "Lost"? | |
| |
| |
Patterns of Habitat Transformation on Land and In the Sea | |
| |
| |
Human Activities That Cause Habitat Degradation | |
| |
| |
Pollution as a Form of Habitat Degradation | |
| |
| |
Protecting What's Left: Approaches to Global Habitat Conservation | |
| |
| |
Conservation of Habitats: The How | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Habitat Fragmentation | |
| |
| |
| |
Fragmentation and Heterogeneity | |
| |
| |
The Fragmentation Process | |
| |
| |
Biological Consequences of Fragmentation | |
| |
| |
Nested Species Distribution Patterns | |
| |
| |
Species Vulnerable to Fragmentation | |
| |
| |
Fragmentation versus Habitat Loss, and Regional Differences | |
| |
| |
The Problem of Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Conclusions and Recommendations | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Overexploitation | |
| |
| |
| |
History of, and Motivations for, Exploitation | |
| |
| |
Impacts of Exploitation on Target Species | |
| |
| |
Impacts of Exploitation on Nontarget Species and Ecosystems | |
| |
| |
Biological Theory of Sustainable Exploitation | |
| |
| |
Comparison of Methods for Calculating Sustainable Yields | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Use Meets Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Species Invasions | |
| |
| |
| |
What Are the Conservation Implications of Introduced Species? | |
| |
| |
What Are the Impacts of Invasions? | |
| |
| |
What Factors Determine Whether a Nonnative Species Becomes Invasive? | |
| |
| |
How Are Species Introduced? | |
| |
| |
How Do We Manage Species Invasions? | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Biological Impacts of Climate Change | |
| |
| |
| |
The Nature of Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Current and Future Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Predicted Biological Impacts | |
| |
| |
Observed Biological Impacts of Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Conservation Implications of Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation Genetics: The Use and Importance of Genetic Information | |
| |
| |
| |
Genetic Variation: What Is It and Why Is It Important? | |
| |
| |
Why Is Genetic Diversity Important? | |
| |
| |
Forces that Affect Genetic Variation within Populations | |
| |
| |
Using Conservation Genetics to Inform Management | |
| |
| |
Identifying and Prioritizing Groups for Conservation | |
| |
| |
Genetic Information and Design and Implementation of Breeding Strategies | |
| |
| |
Analyses of Parentage and Systems of Mating | |
| |
| |
Forensics and Species or Population Identification | |
| |
| |
Individual Identification and Estimation of Population size | |
| |
| |
Understanding Effects of Population Exploitation on Levels of Genetic Diversity | |
| |
| |
Limitations of Using Genetics in Conservation Planning | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Approaches to Solving Conservation Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Species and Landscape Approaches to Conservation | |
| |
| |
| |
Populations and How They Change | |
| |
| |
Modeling Approaches for Prediction and Conservation Planning | |
| |
| |
Challenges and Opportunities of Conservation at the Landscape Scale | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecosystem Approaches to Conservation: Responses to a Complex World | |
| |
| |
| |
Key Elements of an Ecosystem Approach | |
| |
| |
Biophysical Ecosystems as Appropriate Management Units | |
| |
| |
Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics and Resilience | |
| |
| |
Adaptive Management: Preparing for Change in Conservation Practice | |
| |
| |
Should Ecosystem Approaches Mimic Natural Processes? | |
| |
| |
The Critical Role of Participatory Decision-Making Processes | |
| |
| |
Future Directions in Ecosystem-Based Conservation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Protected Areas: Goals, Limitations, and Design | |
| |
| |
| |
The Current State of Protected Areas | |
| |
| |
Types of Protected Areas | |
| |
| |
Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas | |
| |
| |
The Need for Reserve Systems | |
| |
| |
Approaches to Planning Reserve Systems | |
| |
| |
Confronting Threats in Protected Areas | |
| |
| |
Incorporating Social and Cultural Contexts | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems and Endangered Populations | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecological Restoration | |
| |
| |
Animal Reintroduction | |
| |
| |
Restoration in Marine Environments | |
| |
| |
Environmental Regulations that Drive Restoration Practice | |
| |
| |
Concluding Thoughts | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Sustainable Development | |
| |
| |
| |
What Is Sustainable Development? | |
| |
| |
How Successful Are Sustainable Development Projects at Conserving Biodiversity? | |
| |
| |
How Can We Best Promote Sustainability? | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Integration of Conservation Science and Policy: The Pursuit of Knowledge Meets the Use of Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
The Need for Translational Scientists at the Interface of Science and Policy | |
| |
| |
The Interface between the Pursuit and Use of Scientific Knowledge in Conservation | |
| |
| |
What Is Conservation Policy? | |
| |
| |
Who Makes Conservation Policy? Breaking the Science-Policy Barrier | |
| |
| |
Dealing with Uncertainty and Risk through Adaptive Management | |
| |
| |
Being a Conservation Scientist in the Real World | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
Meeting Conservation Challenges in the Twenty-First Century | |
| |
| |
| |
Countering the Impacts on Biodiversity from Poverty in Many Countries and Over-Consumption in a Few Countries | |
| |
| |
Working with Uncertainty in Ecological, Social, Economic, and Political Systems | |
| |
| |
Are Conservation Efforts Succeeding and How Can We Improve? | |
| |
| |
Influencing People's Habits: Reducing Destructive Impacts | |
| |
| |
Our Decisions Will Determine the Fate of Biodiversity | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Questions for Discussion | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Index | |