| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Signaling and Organization | |
| |
| |
| Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Organization of the Retina | |
| |
| |
| Signaling in Nerve Cells | |
| |
| |
| Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons | |
| |
| |
| Signals for Development of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Regeneration of the Nervous System after Injury | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signaling in the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ion Channels and Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Ion Channels | |
| |
| |
| Measurement of Single-Channel Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measuring Channel Conductance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Ion Channels | |
| |
| |
| The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor | |
| |
| |
| A Receptor Superfamily | |
| |
| |
| Voltage-Activated Channels | |
| |
| |
| Other Channels | |
| |
| |
| Diversity of Subunits | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cloning Receptors and Channels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Amino Acids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expression of Receptors and Channels in Xenopus Oocytes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transport Across Cell Membranes | |
| |
| |
| The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump | |
| |
| |
| Calcium Pumps | |
| |
| |
| Sodium-Calcium Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Chloride Transport | |
| |
| |
| Transport of Neurotransmitters | |
| |
| |
| Molecular Structure of Transporters | |
| |
| |
| Significance of Transport Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential | |
| |
| |
| A Model Cell | |
| |
| |
| Membrane Potentials in Squid Axons | |
| |
| |
| Changes in Membrane Potential | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ionic Basis of the Action Potential | |
| |
| |
| Sodium and Potassium Currents | |
| |
| |
| Voltage Clamp Experiments | |
| |
| |
| Gating Currents | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Calcium in Excitation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Voltage Clamp | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurons as Conductors of Electricity | |
| |
| |
| Passive Electrical Properties of Nerve and Muscle Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Propagation of Action Potentials | |
| |
| |
| Conduction in Dendrites | |
| |
| |
| Pathways for Current Flow between Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrotonic Potentials and the Membrane Time Constant | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Nerve Fibers in Vertebrates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stimulating and Recording with External Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Current Flow between Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Properties of Neuroglial Cell Membranes | |
| |
| |
| Functions of Neuroglial Cells | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Neuronal Activity on Glial Cells | |
| |
| |
| Glial Cells and the Blood-Brain Barrier | |
| |
| |
| Glial Cells and Immune Responses of the CNS | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Blood-Brain Barrier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles of Direct Synaptic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Nerve Cells and Synaptic Connections | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Synaptic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Synaptic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrical Model of the Motor End Plate | |
| |
| |
| Direct Synaptic Inhibition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins | |
| |
| |
| Direct Modulation of Channel Function by G Proteins | |
| |
| |
| G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second Messenger Systems | |
| |
| |
| Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger | |
| |
| |
| Prolonged Time Course of Indirect Transmitter Action | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identifying Responses Mediated by G Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cyclic AMP as a Second Messenger | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diacylglycerol and IP[subscript 3] as Second Messengers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formation and Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmitter Release | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Transmitter Release | |
| |
| |
| Quantal Release | |
| |
| |
| Vesicle Hypothesis of Transmitter Release | |
| |
| |
| |
| Synaptic Plasticity | |
| |
| |
| Short-Term Changes in Signaling | |
| |
| |
| Long-Term Changes in Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry of Synaptic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Neurotransmitters | |
| |
| |
| Neurotransmitter Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| Storage of Transmitters in Synaptic Vesicles | |
| |
| |
| Axonal Transport | |
| |
| |
| Transmitter Release and Vesicle Recycling | |
| |
| |
| Transmitter Receptor Localization | |
| |
| |
| Removal of Transmitters from the Synaptic Cleft | |
| |
| |
| |
| The SNARE Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Mapping Transmitter Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Peptide Transmitters in the CNS | |
| |
| |
| Regulation of Central Nervous System Function by Biogenic Amines | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Methods and CNS transmitters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrative Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular Mechanisms of Integration and Behavior in Leeches, Ants, and Bees | |
| |
| |
| From Neurons to Behavior and Vice Versa | |
| |
| |
| Navigation by Ants and Bees | |
| |
| |
| Why Should One Work on Invertebrate Nervous Systems? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Autonomic Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Functions under Involuntary Control | |
| |
| |
| Synaptic Transmission by Postganglionic Axons | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Path to Understanding Sympathetic Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transduction of Mechanical and Chemical Stimuli | |
| |
| |
| Stimulus Coding by Mechanoreceptors | |
| |
| |
| Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli | |
| |
| |
| Olfaction | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Taste (Gustation) | |
| |
| |
| Transduction of Nociceptive and Thermal Stimuli | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensory Epithelia of the Inner Ear | |
| |
| |
| |
| Processing of Somatosensory and Auditory Signals | |
| |
| |
| The Somatosensory System: Tactile Recognition | |
| |
| |
| The Auditory System: Encoding Sound Frequency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brodmann's Areas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transduction and Signaling in the Retina | |
| |
| |
| The Eye | |
| |
| |
| The Retina | |
| |
| |
| Visual Pigments | |
| |
| |
| Transduction by Photoreceptors | |
| |
| |
| Transmission from Photoreceptors to Bipolar Cells | |
| |
| |
| Receptive Fields of Ganglion Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptation of Photoreceptors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signaling in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and the Primary Visual Cortex | |
| |
| |
| The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | |
| |
| |
| Cytoarchitecture of the Cortex | |
| |
| |
| Strategies for Exploring the Cortex | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex | |
| |
| |
| Ocular Dominance Slabs and Orientation Columns | |
| |
| |
| Parallel Processing of Form, Motion, and Color | |
| |
| |
| The Integration of Visual Information | |
| |
| |
| Where Do We Go from Here? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Color Constancy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corpus Callosum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular Mechanisms of Motor Control | |
| |
| |
| The Motor Unit | |
| |
| |
| Spinal Reflexes | |
| |
| |
| Generation of Coordinated Movement | |
| |
| |
| The Organization of Motor Pathways | |
| |
| |
| Motor Cortex and the Execution of Voluntary Movement | |
| |
| |
| The Cerebellum | |
| |
| |
| The Basal Ganglia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extracellular Recording of Motor Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Development of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Development of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Early Neural Morphogenesis | |
| |
| |
| Regional Specification of Neural Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Determination of Neuronal and Glial Cell Identity | |
| |
| |
| Axon Outgrowth | |
| |
| |
| Axon Guidance | |
| |
| |
| Target Innervation | |
| |
| |
| Synapse Formation | |
| |
| |
| Growth Factors and Survival of Neurons | |
| |
| |
| Competitive Interactions during Development | |
| |
| |
| General Considerations of Neural Specificity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Denervation and Regeneration of Synaptic Connections | |
| |
| |
| Changes in Axotomized Neurons and the Surrounding Glial Cells | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Denervation on Postsynaptic Cells | |
| |
| |
| Regeneration in the Vertebrate Peripheral Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Role of Basal Lamina at Regenerating Neuromuscular Synapses | |
| |
| |
| Regeneration in the Mammalian CNS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Critical Periods in Visual and Auditory Systems | |
| |
| |
| The Visual System in Newly Born Monkeys and Kittens | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Abnormal Experience in Early Life | |
| |
| |
| Requirements for Maintenance of Functioning Connections in the Visual System | |
| |
| |
| Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Deprivation Changes | |
| |
| |
| Critical Periods in the Auditory System | |
| |
| |
| Critical Periods for Higher Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Open Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Current Flow in Electrical Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis and Inactivation of Low-Molecular-Weight Transmitters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structures and Pathways of the Brain | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |