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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Where Did Invertebrates Come From? | |
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| Where Do Invertebrates Live? | |
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| Some Comments On Evolution | |
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| A Final Introductory Message to the Reader | |
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| Classification, Systematics, and Phylogeny | |
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| Biological Classification | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Systematics | |
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| Important Concepts and Terms | |
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| Constructing Phylogenies and Classifications | |
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| Animal Architecture and the Bauplan Concept | |
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| Body Symmetry | |
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| Cellularity, Body Size, Germ Layers, and Body Cavities | |
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| Locomotion and Support | |
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| Feeding Mechanisms | |
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| Excretion and Osmoregulation | |
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| Circulation and Gas Exchange | |
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| Nervous Systems and Sense Organs | |
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| Hormones and Pheromones | |
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| Reproduction | |
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| Animal Development, Life Histories, and Origins | |
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| Eggs and Embryos | |
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| Life Cycles: Sequences and Strategies | |
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| The Relationships between Ontogeny and Phylogeny | |
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| Origins of Major Groups of Metazoa | |
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| The Protists | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| Classification of the Protista | |
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| The Protist Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Euglenida | |
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| Phylum Kinetoplastida (The Trypanosomes and Their Relatives) | |
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| Phylum Ciliophora (The Ciliates) | |
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| Phylum Apicomplexa (The Gregarines, Coccidians, Haemosporidians, and Piroplasms) | |
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| Phylum Dinoflagellata | |
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| Phylum Stramenopila | |
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| Phylum Rhizopoda (Amebas) | |
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| Phylum Actinopoda | |
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| Phylum Granuloreticulosa (Foraminifera and Their Kin) | |
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| Phylum Diplomonadida | |
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| Phylum Parabasilida (The Trichomonads and Hypermastigotes) | |
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| Phylum Cryptomonada | |
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| Phylum Microspora | |
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| Phylum Ascetospora | |
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| Phylum Choanoflagellata | |
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| Phylum Chlorophyta | |
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| Phylum Opalinida | |
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| Genus Stephanopogon | |
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| Protist Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Porifera: The Sponges | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Poriferan Bauplan | |
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| Some Additional Aspects of Sponge Biology | |
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| Poriferan Phylogeny | |
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| Four Phyla of Uncertain Affinity | |
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| Taxonomic History | |
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| Mesozoan Bauplans | |
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| Mesozoan Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Cnidaria | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Cnidarian Bauplan | |
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| Cnidarian Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Ctenophora: The Comb Jellies | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Ctenophoran Bauplan | |
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| Ctenophoran Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Platyhelminthes | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Platyhelminth Bauplan | |
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| Platyhelminth Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Nemertea: The Ribbon Worms | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Nemertean Bauplan | |
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| Nemertean Phylogeny | |
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| Blastocoelomates and Other Phyla | |
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| Taxonomic History | |
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| The Blastocoelomate Condition | |
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| Phylum Rotifera: The Rotifers | |
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| Phylum Gastrotricha: The Gastrotrichs | |
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| Phylum Kinorhyncha: The Kinorhynchs | |
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| Phylum Nemata: The Nematodes | |
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| Phylum Nematomorpha: Hair Worms and Their Kin | |
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| Phylum Priapula: The Priapulans | |
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| Phylum Acanthocephala: The Acanthocephalans | |
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| Phylum Entoprocta: The Entroprocts | |
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| Phylum Gnathostomulida: The Gnathostomulids | |
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| Phylum Loricifera: The Loriciferans | |
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| Phylum Cycliophora: The Cycliophorans | |
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| Some Phylogenetic Considerations | |
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| Phylum Annelida: The Segmented Worms | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Annelid Bauplan | |
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| Pogonophoridae: The Beard Worms | |
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| Annelid Phylogeny | |
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| Sipuncula and Echiura | |
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| The Sipunculans | |
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| The Sipunculan Bauplan | |
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| The Echiurans | |
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| The Echiuran Bauplan | |
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| Some Comments on Phylogeny | |
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| The Emergence of the Arthropods: Onychophorans, Tardigrades, Trilobites, and the Arthropod Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Onychophora | |
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| Phylum Tardigrada | |
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| An Introduction to the Arthropods | |
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| The Trilobites (Subphylum Trilobitomorpha) | |
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| The Evolution of Arthropods | |
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| Phylum Arthropoda: The Crustacea | |
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| Classification of the Crustacea | |
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| Subphylum Crustacea | |
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| Synopses of Crustacean Taxa | |
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| The Crustacean Bauplan | |
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| Crustacean Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Arthropoda: The Hexapoda (Insects and Their Kin) | |
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| Hexapod Classification | |
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| Subphylum Hexapoda | |
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| Synopses of Major Hexapod Taxa | |
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| The Hexapod Bauplan | |
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| Hexapod Evolution | |
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| Phylum Arthropoda: The Myriapods (Centipedes, Millipedes, and Their Kin) | |
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| Myriapod Classification | |
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| Subphylum Myriapoda | |
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| Synopses of Myriapod Taxa | |
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| The Myriapod Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Arthropoda: The Cheliceriformes | |
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| Subphylum Cheliceriformes | |
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| Synopses of the Chelicerate Taxa | |
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| The Chelicerate Bauplan | |
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| The Class Pycnogonida | |
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| The Pycnogonid Bauplan | |
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| Cheliceriform Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Mollusca | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Molluscan Bauplan | |
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| Molluscan Evolution and Phylogeny | |
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| Lophophorates | |
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| The Lophophorates: An Overview | |
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| Taxonomic History | |
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| The Lophophorate Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Phoronida | |
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| The Phoronid Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Ectoprocta | |
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| The Ectoproct Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Brachiopoda | |
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| The Brachiopod Bauplan | |
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| Lophophorate Phylogeny | |
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| Phylum Echinodermata | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| The Echinoderm Bauplan | |
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| Echinoderm Phylogeny | |
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| Other Deuterostomes: Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata | |
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| Taxonomic History and Classification | |
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| Phylum Chaetognatha: Arrow Worms | |
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| The Chaetognath Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Hemichordata: The Hemichordates | |
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| The Hemichordate Bauplan | |
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| Phylum Chordata: The Chordates | |
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| The Urochordates (Tunicates) | |
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| The Tunicate Bauplan | |
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| The Cephalochordates | |
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| The Cephalochordate Bauplan | |
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| Phylogenetic Considerations | |
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| Perspectives on Invertebrate Phylogeny | |
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| A Word about Characters | |
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| Metazoan Evolution | |
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| Other Ideas about Animal Phylogeny | |
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| Common Human Diseases Transmitted by Insects | |
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| Data Matrix for Analysis of Metazoan Phylogeny | |
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| Illustration Credits | |
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| Index | |