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| An Evolutionary Approach To Animal Behavior | |
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| Questions about Behavior | |
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| How Questions about Proximate Causes | |
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| Why Questions about Ultimate Causes | |
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| Answering Proximate and Ultimate Questions about Behavior | |
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| Beewolves and Homing Behavior | |
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| Gulls and Eggshell Removal | |
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| Darwinian Theory and Ultimate Hypotheses | |
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| Darwinian Logic and the Study of Behavior | |
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| The Problem with Group Selection | |
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| Testing Alternative Hypotheses | |
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| Certainty and Science | |
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| Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior: How and Why Birds Sing | |
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| Different Songs: Proximate Causes | |
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| Social Experience and Song Development | |
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| The Avian Song Control System | |
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| The Development of the Song Control System | |
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| Song Differences Between the Sexes | |
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| Avoiding a Misunderstanding | |
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| Different Songs: Ultimate Causes | |
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| The Adaptationist Approach | |
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| Why Do Only Males Sing? | |
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| Natural Selection and Dialects | |
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| Proximate and Ultimate Causes Are Complementary | |
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| The Development of Behavior: A Focus on Heredity | |
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| The Genetics of Behavior | |
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| Genetic Differences and Human Behavior | |
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| Genetic Differences and IQ Differences | |
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| How Many Genetic Differences Are Needed to Produce a Behavioral Difference? | |
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| The Evolution of Behavior | |
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| Different Selection Pressures, Different Genes, Different Behaviors | |
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| The Development of Behavior: A Focus on the Environment | |
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| The Interactive Theory of Development: Hormones and Behavior | |
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| When to Become a Forager in a Honey Bee Colony | |
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| When to Become a Territorial Male | |
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| Experience and Behavioral Development | |
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| Early Experience and Recognition of Relatives | |
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| Learning as Behavioral Development | |
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| Evolution and Behavioral Development | |
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| The Adaptive Value of Developmental Flexibility | |
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| Sex Differences in Spatial Learning Ability | |
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| The Evolution of Associative Learning | |
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| The Evolution of Developmental Homeostasis | |
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| The Adaptive Value of Developmental Homeostasis | |
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| The Control of Behavior: Neural Mechanisms | |
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| How Neurons Control Behavior | |
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| Sensory Receptors and Survival | |
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| Relaying and Responding to Sensory Input | |
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| Central Pattern Generators | |
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| The Song of the Midshipman Fish | |
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| The Proximate Basis of Stimulus Filtering | |
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| Stimulus Filtering by Auditory Receptors | |
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| Stimulus Filtering in the Tactile Mode | |
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| Adaptive Proximate Mechanisms of Behavior | |
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| Adaptive Mechanisms of Navigation | |
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| An Olfactory Map | |
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| The Organization of Behavior: Neurons and Hormones | |
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| How Neural Command Centers Organize Behavior | |
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| Clock Mechanisms and Behavioral Schedules | |
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| How Do Circadian Mechanisms Work? | |
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| Long-Term Cycles of Behavior | |
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| The Physical Environment Influences Long-Term Cycles | |
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| Changing Priorities in Changing Social Environments | |
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| The Effects of Copulation in the Green Anole | |
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| Hormones Help Organize Social Behavior | |
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| Adaptation and Antipredator Behavior | |
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| The Meaning of Adaptation | |
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| The Comparative Method for Testing Adaptationist Hypotheses | |
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| The Importance of Divergent Evolution | |
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| The Importance of Convergent Evolution | |
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| The Diversity of Antipredator Adaptations | |
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| The Value of Body "Decorations" | |
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| The Value of Warning Behavior | |
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| How To Stop a Pursuer | |
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| The Value of Vigilance | |
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| The Dilution Effect and the Selfish Herd | |
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| Fighting Back | |
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| A Tactic of Last Resort? | |
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| The Evolution of Feeding Behavior | |
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| Locating Food | |
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| The Origins of Prey-Locating Mechanisms | |
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| Getting Help from Companions | |
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| The History of Honey Bee Dances | |
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| The Adaptive Value of Honey Bee Dances | |
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| The Information Center Hypothesis | |
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| Locating Prey by Deceit | |
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| Selecting What to Eat | |
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| How to Choose an Optimal Clam | |
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| How to Choose an Optimal Mussel | |
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| Criticisms of Optimality Theory | |
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| The Evolution of Alternative Diets | |
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| Consuming What You Select to Eat | |
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| How to Open a Whelk | |
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| Why Do Humans Consume Alcohol, Spices, and Dirt? | |
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| Choosing Where to Live | |
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| Habitat Selection | |
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| Habitat Preferences in a Territorial Species | |
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| Dispersing from One Place to Another | |
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| Migration | |
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| The Costs of Migration | |
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| The Benefits of Migration | |
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| Migration as a Conditional Tactic | |
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| Territoriality | |
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| Territoriality and Calories | |
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| Territorial Puzzles | |
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| Why Do Territory Holders Almost Always Win? | |
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| The Evolution of Communication | |
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| The Origins and Adaptive Value of a Signal | |
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| Cumulative Selection and Multiple Changes | |
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| The Adaptive Value of Past Changes | |
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| Current Adaptive Value | |
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| The History of a Signal-Receiving Mechanism | |
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| The History of Insect Wings | |
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| Sensory Exploitation of Signal Receivers by Signalers | |
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| Sensory Preferences May Precede the Evolution of a Signal | |
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| The Panda Principle | |
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| The Adaptationist Approach to Communication Systems | |
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| Why Do Baby Birds Beg So Noisily for Food? | |
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| Illegitimate Receivers | |
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| Adaptive Signal Receiving | |
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| Receivers May Require Honest Signals | |
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| Why Does Deception Occur? | |
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| The Evolution of Reproductive Behavior | |
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| The Evolution of Differences in Sex Roles | |
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| Testing the Evolutionary Theory of Sex Differences | |
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| Sexual Selection and Competition for Mates | |
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| Social Dominance and Male Fitness | |
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| Alternative Mating Tactics | |
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| A Conditional Strategy with Alternative Mating Tactics | |
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| Three Distinct Strategies: Three Mating Tactics | |
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| Sexual Selection and Sperm Competition | |
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| Mate Guarding | |
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| Sexual Selection and Mate Choice | |
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| Female Mate Choice without Material Benefits | |
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| Testing the Healthy Mate, Good Genes, and Runaway Selection Theories | |
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| Sexual Conflict between Males and Females | |
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| The Evolution of Mating Systems | |
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| Is Monogamy Adaptive? | |
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| Monogamy in Mammals | |
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| Monogamy in Birds | |
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| Extra-Pair Copulations: The Male Perspective | |
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| Extra-Pair Copulations: The Female Perspective | |
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| Polyandry without Polygyny | |
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| Polygyny | |
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| Female Defense Polygyny: The Female Perspective | |
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| Resource Defense Polygyny | |
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| Resource Defense Polygyny: The Female Perspective | |
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| Scramble Competition Polygyny | |
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| Lek Polygyny | |
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| Why Do Males Aggregate in Leks? | |
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| Why Do Many Females Mate with the Same Males at Leks? | |
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| The Evolution of Parental Care | |
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| Why Is Parental Care More Often Maternal than Paternal? | |
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| Exceptions to the Rule | |
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| Why Do Male Water Bugs Do All the Work? | |
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| Discriminating Parental Care | |
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| Offspring Recognition: Comparative Studies | |
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| Why Adopt Genetic Strangers? | |
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| The History of Interspecific Brood Parasitism | |
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| Why Accept a Parasite's Egg? | |
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| Can Adoption Benefit Foster Parents? | |
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| The Evolution of Parental Favoritism | |
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| The Evolution of Social Behavior | |
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| The Benefits and Costs of Social Life | |
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| The Evolution of Helpful Behavior | |
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| Reciprocal Altruism or Personal Gain? | |
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| Altruism and Indirect Selection | |
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| The Alarm Call of Belding's Ground Squirrel | |
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| The Concept of Inclusive Fitness | |
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| Inclusive Fitness and Helpers at the Nest | |
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| Insect Helpers at the Nest | |
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| The Evolution of Eusocial Behavior | |
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| Testing the Haplodiploid Hypothesis | |
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| Very Close Relatedness Is Not Essential for Eusociality to Evolve | |
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| The Ecology of Eusociality | |
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| The Evolution of Human Behavior | |
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| The Adaptationist Approach to Human Behavior | |
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| The Sociobiology Controversy | |
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| Evolution and the Diversity of Human Cultures | |
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| Sociobiology versus Arbitrary Culture Theory | |
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| Adaptive Mating Decisions | |
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| Adaptive Mate Choice by Women | |
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| Adaptive Mate Choice by Men | |
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| Conflict between the Sexes | |
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| Coercive Sex | |
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| Adaptive Parental Care | |
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| Helping Children Marry | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Illustration Credits | |
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| Index | |