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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is language contact? | |
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| What about the people in contact situations? | |
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| How old is language contact? | |
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| Where is language contact? | |
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| What happens to languages in contact? | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Contact Onsets and Stability | |
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| How do languages come into contact? | |
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| Stable and unstable contact situations | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Multilingualism in Nations and Individuals | |
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| Multilingual nations, multilingual people | |
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| Attitudes toward multilingualism | |
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| One nation, more than one language | |
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| Language policies and language planning | |
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| A case study: India | |
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| Social and political consequences of multilingualism | |
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| Multilingualism in individuals: learning and using two or more languages | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Contact-Induced Language Change: Results | |
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| Are some linguistic features unborrowable? | |
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| Social predictors of contact-induced change: intensity of contact | |
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| Social predictors of contact-induced change: imperfect learning vs. its absence | |
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| When imperfect learning plays no role in the interference process | |
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| When imperfect learning plays a role in the interference process | |
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| Linguistic predictors of contact-induced change | |
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| Speakers' attitudes: why contact-induced change is unpredictable | |
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| Effects on the recipient-language structure | |
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| How can we tell whether contact-induced change has occurred? | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Linguistic Areas | |
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| A definition | |
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| Some linguistic areas around the world | |
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| The Balkans | |
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| The Baltic | |
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| The Ethiopian highlands | |
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| South Asia | |
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| The Sepik River basin, New Guinea | |
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| The Pacific Northwest of North America | |
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| The complex histories of linguistic areas | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Contact-Induced Language Change: Mechanisms | |
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| Code-switching | |
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| Code alternation | |
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| Passive familiarity | |
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| 'Negotiation' | |
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| Second-language acquisition strategies | |
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| Bilingual first-language acquisition | |
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| Deliberate decision | |
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| Two final points about mechanisms of interference | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Contact Language I: Pidgins and Creoles | |
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| What, when, where? | |
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| What? | |
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| When and where? | |
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| Pidgins and creoles are not maximally simple and not all alike | |
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| Pidgin/creole genesis theories: where does the grammar come from? | |
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| Monogenesis | |
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| Abrupt genesis scenarios | |
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| Gradual genesis scenarios | |
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| Do different genesis routes have different linguistic outcomes? | |
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| The rest of the field | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Contact Languages II: Other Mixed Languages | |
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| What, when, where? | |
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| Two routes to bilingual mixed-language genesis | |
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| How? | |
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| The genesis of bilingual mixed languages in persistent ethnic groups | |
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| The abrupt genesis of bilingual mixed languages in new ethnic groups | |
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| Prospects for future study | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Language Death | |
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| Defining language death | |
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| A theoretical framework | |
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| How do languages die? | |
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| Attrition | |
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| Grammatical replacement | |
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| No loss of structure, not much borrowing | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| Endangered Languages | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| A Map of Some Contact Situations Around the World | |
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| Official Languages in the World's Nations | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Language index | |
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| Names index | |
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| Subject index | |