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| Preface | |
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| List of abbreviations | |
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| Grammar | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Nepali language | |
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| The name Nepali | |
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| Nepali as an Indo-European language | |
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| Nepali and other languages of Nepal | |
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| Geographical distribution of Nepali | |
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| Dialects of Nepali | |
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| Nepali and Hinduism | |
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| Previous descriptions of Nepali | |
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| Teaching materials | |
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| Grammars | |
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| Dictionaries | |
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| The purpose and scope of this study | |
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| Corpus | |
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| Transcription | |
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| Motivation of this description | |
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| The sound system | |
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| Segmental Phonemes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phones, phonemes, and allophones | |
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| Segmental vs. suprasegmental phonemes | |
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| Inventory of the principal consonantal and vowel sounds of Nepali | |
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| Symbols employed in the phonetic and phonemic transcription | |
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| Listing of the phonemes | |
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| Consonant sounds | |
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| Definition and classification | |
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| Supplementary sets of minimal pairs | |
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| Variants of Nepali consonant phonemes | |
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| Positional variants | |
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| Deletion of aspiration | |
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| Deletion of voicing | |
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| Nasalization | |
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| Minor variations | |
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| Distribution of Nepali consonants | |
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| Vowel sounds | |
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| Definition and classification | |
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| Supplementary sets of minimal pairs | |
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| Variants of Nepali vowel phonemes | |
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| The pronunciation of orthographic word-initial consonant clusters | |
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| The pronunciation of long consonants vs. geminates | |
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| Gemination as a result of assimilation | |
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| Sandhi without gemination | |
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| Suprasegmentals in Nepali | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Inventory of Nepali segmental phonemes | |
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| Syllable and syllable structure in Nepali | |
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| Light vs. heavy syllables | |
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| Light and heavy syllables in Nepali | |
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| Phonotactics | |
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| Consonantal phonemes in syllable-initial position | |
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| Consonantal phonemes in intervocalic position | |
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| Consonantal honemes in syllable-coda position | |
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| Phonetic stress: Its definition and function of stress in Nepali | |
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| Stress and stress placement in Nepali | |
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| Stress rules in Nepali | |
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| Regular phonetic stress | |
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| Nepali phonetic stress rule-1 (NSR-1) | |
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| Nepali phonetic stress rule-2 (NSR-2) | |
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| Compound words phonetic stress rule (CWSR) | |
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| Phrase phonetic stress rule (PSR) | |
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| Sentence phonetic stress rule (SSR) | |
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| Emphatic functional phonemic stress (ES) for extra semantic emphasis | |
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| Emphatic phonemic stress (ES) on free forms | |
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| Emphatic stress (ES) on suffixes | |
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| Emphatic stress (ES) and vowel lengthening | |
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| Emphatic stress (ES) and vowel shortening | |
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| Pitch | |
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| Juncture | |
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| Types of juncture | |
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| Minimal pairs for open juncture (+) vs. close juncture (unmarked) | |
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| Rhythm | |
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| Pause | |
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| Intonation | |
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| The grammatical role of intonation | |
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| The intonation of statement and imperative statements | |
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| The intonation of ho/hoina questions | |
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| The intonation of K-questions | |
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| The communicative role of intonation | |
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| The lengthening of high pitch vowel | |
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| The lengthening of low pitch vowel | |
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| The lengthening of mid-level pitch vowel | |
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| The writing system | |
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| From phoneme to grapheme and grapheme to phoneme | |
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| Introduction | |
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| From phoneme to grapheme | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Free forms of vowels | |
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| Conjunct forms of vowels | |
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| Glides | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Free forms of consonant symbols | |
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| Conjunct forms of consonant symbols | |
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| Regular conjunct forms of the consonant symbols | |
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| Irregular conjunct forms of the consonant symbols | |
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| Additional symbols: bindu, anusvar and visarga | |
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| Bindu | |
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| Anusvar | |
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| Visarga | |
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| From grapheme to phoneme | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Glides | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Pronunciation of consonants without the viram stroke | |
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| Voiced aspirates | |
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| Pronunciation of the symbols [characters not reproducible] | |
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| The special consonant conjunct graphemes | |
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| The pronunciation of orthographic word-initial CC clusters | |
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| The symbol [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Numeral | |
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| Punctuation marks | |
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| The form classes | |
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| The inflected and uninflected forms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nouns | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Coordinating conjunctions | |
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| Subordinating conjunctions | |
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| Postpositions | |
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| Interjections | |
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| Vocatives | |
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| Nuance particles | |
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| Prefixes and suffixes | |
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| Substitute forms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The major substitute forms | |
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| The K-form substitutes or interrogatives | |
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| The K-form classes | |
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| The distribution of K-forms | |
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| The J-form substitutes | |
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| The J-form classes | |
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| The distribution of J-form classes | |
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| The D-form substitutes or demonstratives | |
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| The D-form classes | |
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| The distribution of D-form classes | |
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| Numerals | |
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| Notes for Chapter 6 | |
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| Nominal structures | |
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| The common noun phrase | |
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| Internal structure of the common-noun phrase | |
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| Common nouns as heads | |
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| Gender of nouns | |
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| Determiners in the CNP | |
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| Demonstratives | |
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| Limiters | |
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| Quantifiers (numbers) and classifiers | |
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| CNPs functioning as quantifying determiner | |
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| Modifiers in he CNP | |
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| Nouns or nominals as modifiers in CNP | |
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| Adjectives or adjective phrases as modifiers | |
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| Clauses as modifiers | |
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| The proper noun phrase | |
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| Internal structure of the proper-noun phrase (PNP) | |
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| Person names as heads | |
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| Place names as heads | |
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| Notes for Chapter 8 | |
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| The pronoun phrase | |
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| Internal structure of the pronoun phrase (ProP) | |
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| Pronouns as heads | |
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| Modifiers in the pronoun phrase | |
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| Notes for Chapter 9 | |
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| Dependent nominals functioning as modifiers in larger nominals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Characterizing modifiers | |
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| Appositive modifiers: Double-headed constructions | |
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| Genitive modifiers | |
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| Delimiting modifiers | |
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| Adjectival structures | |
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| The adjective phrase | |
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| Internal structure of the adjective phrase (AdjP) | |
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| Adjectives as heads | |
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| Quantifiers in the AdjP | |
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| Adverbs of quantity | |
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| Comparative quantifier phrases | |
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| Comparatives with bhanda 'than' | |
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| Comparative adjective phrase with jhan 'the more' | |
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| Superlative quantifier phrases | |
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| Elative superlative quantifier | |
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| Dependent adjectivals functioning as modifiers within CNPs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The imperfect participle -ne as modifier | |
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| The perfect participle -eko as modifier | |
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| Adverbial structures | |
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| The adverb phrase | |
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| Internal structure of the adverb phrase (AdvP) | |
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| Simple adverbs | |
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| Derived adverbs | |
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| Adverbs ending in -ari 'doing' | |
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| Adverbs ending in -sath 'with' | |
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| Adverbs ending in -purvaka | |
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| Nonderived adverbs | |
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| Interrogatives, relaters, and demonstratives | |
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| Compound adverbials | |
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| The adverbial postpositional noun phrase | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Postposition and its complements (NPs) | |
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| Postpositions occurring with the NPs in genitive case | |
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| Postpositions occurring with morphologically unmarked forms of the NPs | |
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| Conjunctions: Coordinate and subordinate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Coordinating conjunctions | |
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| Subordinating conjunctions | |
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| Interjection, vocatives, and nuance particles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Interjections | |
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| Vocatives | |
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| Nuance particles | |
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| Phrasal nuance particles | |
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| Statement nuance particles | |
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| Imperative statement nuance particles | |
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| Declarative statement nuance particles | |
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| Question statement nuance particles | |
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| Notes for Chapter 16 | |
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| Verbal structures | |
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| The verb phrase | |
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| Internal structure of the verb phrase (VP) | |
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| Verbs as heads | |
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| Auxiliary verbs in the VP | |
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| The negative verb forms | |
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| The negative prefix na- | |
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| The negative suffix -na- | |
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| Verbs which require the obligatory fronting of the dative complement | |
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| Modifiers in the VP | |
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| Notes for Chapter 17 | |
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| Clausal structures | |
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| The clause: A general overview | |
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| Internal structure of the clause (Cl) | |
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| Verbals as predicates | |
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| Subjects in the clause | |
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| Complements in the clause | |
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| Transitive verbs and their complements | |
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| Transitive-1 verbs (tv-1) | |
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| Transitive-2 verbs (tv-2) | |
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| Transitive-3 verbs (tv-3) | |
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| Transitive-4 verbs (tv-4) | |
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| Equational verbs and their complements | |
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| The identifcational hunu 'be' | |
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| The existential hunu 'be' | |
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| The equational verbs-2 dekhinu and lagnu | |
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| Intransitive verbs and their complements | |
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| Intransitive-1 verbs (iv-1) | |
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| Intransitive-2 verbs (iv-2) | |
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| Intransitive-3 verbs (iv-3) | |
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| Subject-predicate linking by person-number-gender-honorific level inflection | |
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| Optional adverbial adjuncts | |
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| Other optional elements | |
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| Adverbial disjuncts (AD) | |
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| Exclamations | |
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| Connectors | |
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| The subjects | |
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| Notes for Chapter 18 | |
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| Special types of clauses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Passive clauses | |
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| Imperative clauses | |
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| Question clauses | |
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| K-question clauses | |
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| Holhoina-question clauses | |
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| Ho/hoina-question with question intonation | |
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| Ho/hoina question with the tag hagi | |
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| Finite dependent clauses: Nominal, adjectival and adverbial | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Finite dependent noun clause | |
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| Finite dependent adjective clause | |
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| Finite dependent adverbial clause with bhane 'if', kinaki or kinabhane 'because' | |
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| Nonfinite dependent clauses: Infinitive, participial and conditional | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nonfinite dependent noun clause with a verb in infinite form | |
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| Nonfinite dependent adverbial clause as adverbial adjunct | |
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| Nonfinite dependent adverbial clause with a verb phrase in conditional form | |
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| Note for Chapter 21 | |
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| Dependent clauses in expression of comparison | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Comparisons of inequality | |
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| Symmetrical comparisons | |
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| Asymmetrical comparisons | |
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| Comparisons of equality | |
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| Sentential structures | |
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| The sentence | |
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| The internal structure of the sentence (S) | |
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| Clauses as segmental constituents | |
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| The sentence as speech act | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Direct speech act | |
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| Indirect speech acts | |
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| Indirect speech acts with re, are | |
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| Indirect speech with bhanera | |
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| Reporting the actual speech act | |
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| Reporting the intention | |
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| Elliptical sentences as declarative speech acts | |
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| Reduced sentence with elliptical subject and object | |
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| Reduced sentences with elliptical predicate | |
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| Notes for Chapter 24 | |
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| References | |
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| Analyzed corpus | |
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| Naso: Text in Devanagari script | |
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| Naso: 'Ward': Literal English translation | |
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| Naso: The roman transliteration of the Devanagari text | |
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| Naso: Clause structure analysis | |
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| Naso: Phrase structures (sorted) | |
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| Naso: Lexicon in order of occurrence | |
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| Naso: Lexicon in alphabetical order | |