| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| How to Use This Book | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Shoshoni Language | |
| |
| |
| Origins of the Shoshoni Language | |
| |
| |
| The Names "Shoshoni" and "Snake" Indians | |
| |
| |
| Origin of the Shoshoni People | |
| |
| |
| History of the Fort Hall Reservation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shoshoni Orthography and Pronunciation | |
| |
| |
| The Shoshoni Writing System | |
| |
| |
| Shoshoni Sounds and Pronunciation | |
| |
| |
| Vowels | |
| |
| |
| Diphthongs | |
| |
| |
| Voiceless Vowels | |
| |
| |
| Consonants | |
| |
| |
| Final Features | |
| |
| |
| Stress Accent | |
| |
| |
| Minimal Pairs | |
| |
| |
| Words of Advice to the Learner | |
| |
| |
| Glossary of Grammatical Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tsaangu beaichehku | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Language and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Greetings | |
| |
| |
| Greetings Etiquette | |
| |
| |
| Male and Female Speech | |
| |
| |
| Intonation | |
| |
| |
| Liaison | |
| |
| |
| Spelling and Dialects | |
| |
| |
| Pausal and Fluent Speech Forms | |
| |
| |
| Grammar | |
| |
| |
| Number | |
| |
| |
| Nouns | |
| |
| |
| First and Second Person Subject Case Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| First and Second Person Possessive Case Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Word Order | |
| |
| |
| Postpositions | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Where? | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Drills | |
| |
| |
| Drill 1 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Masen newe du hagai' nanihade? | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Language and Culture | |
| |
| |
| More on Liaison and Final Features | |
| |
| |
| The Shoshoni Kinship System | |
| |
| |
| Visiting a Shoshoni House | |
| |
| |
| Grammar | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to the Shoshoni Verb | |
| |
| |
| -'yu (Progressive Aspect) and -pe'nni/-fe'nni (Continuative Aspect) | |
| |
| |
| -deN (Customary-Habitual Aspect) | |
| |
| |
| -ka (Resulative Aspect) | |
| |
| |
| -du'i (Future Tense) | |
| |
| |
| -nuhi (Expective Tense) | |
| |
| |
| -nnu (Completive Tense) | |
| |
| |
| Dual and Plural Forms of mi'a'yu | |
| |
| |
| Yes/No Questions and the Particle ha | |
| |
| |
| Demonstrative Pronouns: Subject Case | |
| |
| |
| Liaison and Final Features | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Drills | |
| |
| |
| Drill 1 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 2 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 3 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 4 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hinna enna hanni'yu? | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Language and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Traditional Shoshoni Courtship and Marriage | |
| |
| |
| Gift Giving | |
| |
| |
| Grammar | |
| |
| |
| gande and ba'i | |
| |
| |
| Transitive and Intransitive Verbs | |
| |
| |
| The Verb "To Be" | |
| |
| |
| Object Case of Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Possessive Case of Nouns | |
| |
| |
| What? hinni and hinna | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Drills | |
| |
| |
| Drill 1 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 2 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 3 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 4 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 5 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Haga'ne nambe? | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Language and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Code-Switching | |
| |
| |
| Grammar | |
| |
| |
| More on Postpositions | |
| |
| |
| The Postpositional Adjunct -i | |
| |
| |
| The Postpositional Adjunct -ku | |
| |
| |
| The Postpositional Adjunct -teN | |
| |
| |
| The Postpositional Adjunct -tuN | |
| |
| |
| The Postpositional Adjunct -ti | |
| |
| |
| Adjectives | |
| |
| |
| Colors | |
| |
| |
| The Future Tense in English and Shoshoni | |
| |
| |
| The Past Tense in English and Shoshoni | |
| |
| |
| The Present Tense in English and Shoshoni | |
| |
| |
| Imperatives | |
| |
| |
| The Auxiliary Verbs -kua', -nei', and -ki | |
| |
| |
| Instrumental Prefixes | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Drills | |
| |
| |
| Drill 1 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 2 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 3 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 4 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 5 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Himbai'gandei' ennem bungu ba'i? | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Grammar | |
| |
| |
| Numerals | |
| |
| |
| Dual and Plural Forms of Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Dual and Plural Forms of Adjectives | |
| |
| |
| Plural Forms of Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Counting Objects | |
| |
| |
| Asking about Prices | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Drills | |
| |
| |
| Drill 1 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maitengate hagai' neesungaahka? | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Language and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Talking about Oneself and Being Polite | |
| |
| |
| Grammar | |
| |
| |
| More Demonstrative Pronouns: s- Prefix; Object and Possessive Cases | |
| |
| |
| Adverbs of Place and Time | |
| |
| |
| Adjectives | |
| |
| |
| The Participial Suffixes: -deN and -pe | |
| |
| |
| Prefinal Verbal Suffix: -'i- | |
| |
| |
| Coordination | |
| |
| |
| Verbs Expressing Likes and Dislikes | |
| |
| |
| Independent and Dependent (Relative) Clauses | |
| |
| |
| The Subordinating Verbal Suffix: -gu | |
| |
| |
| The Infinitive/Gerund Subordinating Verb Suffix: -'nna | |
| |
| |
| The Nominalizing Suffix: -deN | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Drills | |
| |
| |
| Drill 1 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 2 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beaichehkuse, hinna enne hanni'yu? | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 1 | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Dialog 2 | |
| |
| |
| Language and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Orthographies | |
| |
| |
| Orthography and Ideology | |
| |
| |
| Shoshoni Orthographies | |
| |
| |
| The Miller Orthography | |
| |
| |
| Example Words in the Miller Orthography | |
| |
| |
| Grammar | |
| |
| |
| Directional Verb Suffixes: -ki-, -kuaN-, -nei- | |
| |
| |
| Showing Habituality and the Verbal Suffixes: -'i-, -'ai-, -mi'i- | |
| |
| |
| Auxiliary Verbs | |
| |
| |
| The Unspecified Object Prefix: de- | |
| |
| |
| How to Say "after [verb]-ing" and "after [verb]-ed" | |
| |
| |
| Telling the Time | |
| |
| |
| Nominalized Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary for Drills | |
| |
| |
| Drill 1 | |
| |
| |
| Drill 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hagapunde sikihyunde? | |
| |
| |
| Simple Readings in Shoshoni | |
| |
| |
| Babizhii' | |
| |
| |
| Ha'nii' | |
| |
| |
| Buhni'atsi | |
| |
| |
| Mumbichi | |
| |
| |
| Ne hinni? | |
| |
| |
| Ne hinni? (2) | |
| |
| |
| Dammen Duku | |
| |
| |
| Further Study of the Shoshoni Language | |
| |
| |
| A List of Sources on Shoshoni History, Culture, and Language | |
| |
| |
| Shoshoni-English Glossary | |
| |
| |
| English-Shoshoni Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |