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| Tables,Figures and Boxes | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What This Book Is About | |
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| Facts and Values in Perspective | |
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| The Scientific Approach | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Definition and Measurement of Concepts | |
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| Conceptual Definitions | |
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| Clarifying a Concept | |
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| A Template for Writing a Conceptual Definition | |
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| Operational Definitions | |
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| Measurement Error | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Evaluating Reliability | |
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| Evaluating Validity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Measuring and Describing Variables | |
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| Measuring Variables | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Additive Indexes | |
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| Describing Variables | |
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| Central Tendency and Dispersion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Proposing Explanations, Framing Hypotheses, and Making Comparisons | |
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| Proposing Explanations | |
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| Framing Hypotheses | |
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| Intervening Variables | |
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| Making Comparisons | |
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| Cross- tabulations | |
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| Mean Comparisons | |
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| Graphing Relationships and Describing Patterns | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Research Design and the Logic of Control | |
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| Experimental Studies | |
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| Random Assignment | |
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| A Laboratory Experiment | |
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| A Field Experiment | |
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| Observational Studies | |
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| A Natural Experiment | |
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| Controlled Comparisons | |
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| Three Scenarios: X?Y, Controlling for Z | |
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| Spurious Relationships | |
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| Additive Relationships | |
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| Interaction Relationships | |
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| The Many Faces of Interaction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Making Controlled Comparisons | |
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| Cross-tabulation Analysis | |
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| Control Tables | |
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| Partial Effect | |
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| Identifying the Pattern | |
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| Graphing Controlled Comparisons | |
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| An Example of Interaction | |
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| Mean Comparison Analysis | |
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| An Example of Additive Relationships | |
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| Another Example of Interaction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Foundations of Statistical Inference | |
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| Population Parameters and Sample Statistics | |
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| Random Sampling | |
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| Sample Size and Random Sampling Error | |
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| Variation Revisited: The Standard Deviation | |
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| n and � | |
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| The Standard Error of a Sample Mean | |
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| The Central Limit Theorem and the Normal Distribution | |
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| Inference Using the Normal Distribution | |
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| Inference Using the Student's f-Distribution | |
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| What About Sample Proportions? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Tests of Significance and Measures of Association | |
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| Statistical Significance | |
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| Comparing Two Sample Means | |
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| Comparing Two Sample Proportions | |
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| The Chi-square Test of Significance | |
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| Measures of Association | |
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| Lambda | |
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| A Problem with Lambda | |
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| Somers'dyx | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Correlation and Linear Regression | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Bivariate Regression | |
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| R-square | |
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| Adjusted R-square | |
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| Dummy Variable Regression | |
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| Multiple Regression | |
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| Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression | |
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| Multicollinearity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| The Logistic Regression Approach | |
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| Finding the Best Fit: Maximum Likelihood Estimation | |
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| Logistic Regression with Multiple Independent Variables | |
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| Working with Probabilities | |
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| The Probability Profile Method | |
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| The Sample Averages Method | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Thinking Empirically, Thinking Probabilistically | |
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| Thinking Empirically | |
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| Thinking Probabilistically | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |