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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview | |
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| Models in seismology | |
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| Seismology and society | |
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| Seismic hazards and risks | |
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| Engineering seismology and earthquake engineering | |
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| Highways, bridges, dams, and pipelines | |
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| Tsunamis, landslides, and soil liquefaction | |
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| Earthquake forecasting | |
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| Earthquake prediction | |
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| Real-time warnings | |
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| Nuclear monitoring and treaty verification | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Basic Seismological Theory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Waves on a string | |
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| Theory | |
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| Harmonic wave solution | |
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| Reflection and transmission | |
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| Energy in a harmonic wave | |
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| Normal modes of a string | |
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| Stress and strain | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stress | |
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| Stress as a tensor | |
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| Principal stresses | |
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| Maximum shear stress and faulting | |
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| Deviatoric stresses | |
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| Equation of motion | |
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| Strain | |
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| Constitutive equations | |
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| Boundary conditions | |
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| Strain energy | |
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| Seismic waves | |
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| The seismic wave equation | |
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| Plane waves | |
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| Spherical waves | |
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| P and S waves | |
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| Energy in a plane wave | |
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| Snell's law | |
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| The layered medium approximation | |
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| Plane wave potentials for a layered medium | |
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| Angle of incidence and apparent velocity | |
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| Snell's law | |
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| Critical angle | |
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| Snell's law for SH waves | |
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| Ray parameter and slowness | |
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| Waveguides | |
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| Fermat's principle and geometric ray theory | |
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| Huygens' principle and diffraction | |
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| Plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients | |
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| Introduction | |
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| SH wave reflection and transmission coefficients | |
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| Energy flux for reflected and transmitted SH waves | |
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| Postcritical SH waves | |
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| P-SV waves at a free surface | |
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| Solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces | |
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| Examples | |
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| Surface waves | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rayleigh waves in a homogeneous halfspace | |
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| Love waves in a layer over a halfspace | |
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| Love wave dispersion | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| Phase and group velocity | |
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| Dispersive signals | |
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| Surface wave dispersion studies | |
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| Tsunami dispersion | |
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| Normal modes of the earth | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Modes of a sphere | |
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| Spherical harmonics | |
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| Torsional modes | |
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| Spheroidal modes | |
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| Modes and propagating waves | |
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| Observing normal modes | |
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| Normal mode synthetic seismograms | |
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| Mode attenuation, splitting, and coupling | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Seismology and Earth Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Refraction seismology | |
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| Flat layer method | |
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| Dipping layer method | |
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| Advanced analysis methods | |
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| Crustal structure | |
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| Rocks and minerals | |
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| Reflection seismology | |
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| Travel time curves for reflections | |
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| Intercept-slowness formulation for travel times | |
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| Multichannel data geometry | |
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| Common midpoint stacking | |
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| Signal enhancement | |
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| Deconvolution | |
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| Migration | |
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| Data processing sequence | |
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| Seismic waves in a spherical earth | |
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| Ray paths and travel times | |
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| Velocity distributions | |
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| Travel time curve inversion | |
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| Body wave travel time studies | |
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| Body wave phases | |
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| Core phases | |
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| Upper mantle structure | |
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| Lower mantle structure | |
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| Visualizing body waves | |
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| Anisotropic earth structure | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Transverse isotropy and azimuthal anisotropy | |
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| Anisotropy of minerals and rocks | |
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| Anisotropy of composite structures | |
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| Anisotropy in the lithosphere and the asthenosphere | |
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| Anisotropy in the mantle and the core | |
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| Attenuation and anelasticity | |
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| Wave attenuation | |
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| Geometric spreading | |
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| Multipathing | |
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| Scattering | |
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| Intrinsic attenuation | |
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| Quality factor, Q | |
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| Spectral resonance peaks | |
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| Physical dispersion due to anelasticity | |
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| Physical models for anelasticity | |
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| Q from crust to inner core | |
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| Composition of the mantle and the core | |
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| Density within the earth | |
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| Temperature in the earth | |
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| Composition of the mantle | |
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| Composition of D" | |
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| Composition of the core | |
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| Seismology and planetary evolution | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Earthquakes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Focal mechanisms | |
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| Fault geometry | |
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| First motions | |
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| Body wave radiation patterns | |
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| Stereographic fault plane representation | |
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| Analytical representation of fault geometry | |
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| Waveform modeling | |
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| Basic model | |
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| Source time function | |
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| Body wave modeling | |
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| Surface wave focal mechanisms | |
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| Once and future earthquakes | |
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| Moment tensors | |
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| Equivalent forces | |
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| Single forces | |
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| Force couples | |
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| Double couples | |
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| Earthquake moment tensors | |
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| Isotropic and CLVD moment tensors | |
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| Moment tensor inversion | |
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| Interpretation of moment tensors | |
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| Earthquake geodesy | |
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| Measuring ground deformation | |
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| Coseismic deformation | |
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| Joint geodetic and seismological earthquake studies | |
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| Interseismic deformation and the seismic cycle | |
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| Source parameters | |
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| Magnitudes and moment | |
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| Source spectra and scaling laws | |
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| Stress drop and earthquake energy | |
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| Earthquake statistics | |
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| Frequency-magnitude relations | |
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| Aftershocks | |
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| Earthquake probabilities | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Seismology and Plate Tectonics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Plate kinematics | |
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| Relative plate motions | |
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| Global plate motions | |
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| Space-based geodesy | |
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| Absolute plate motions | |
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| Spreading centers | |
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| Geometry of ridges and transforms | |
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| Evolution of the oceanic lithosphere | |
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| Ridge and transform earthquakes and processes | |
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| Subduction zones | |
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| Thermal models of subduction | |
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| Earthquakes in subducting slabs | |
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| Interplate trench earthquakes | |
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| Oceanic intraplate earthquakes and tectonics | |
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| Locations of oceanic intraplate seismicity | |
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| Forces and stresses in the oceanic lithosphere | |
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| Constraints on mantle viscosity | |
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| Continental earthquakes and tectonics | |
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| Continental plate boundary zones | |
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| Seismic, aseismic, transient, and permanent deformation | |
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| Continental intraplate earthquakes | |
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| Faulting and deformation in the earth | |
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| Rheology | |
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| Rock fracture and friction | |
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| Ductile flow | |
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| Strength of the lithosphere | |
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| Earthquakes and rock friction | |
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| Earthquakes and regional deformation | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Seismograms as Signals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fourier analysis | |
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| Fourier series | |
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| Complex Fourier series | |
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| Fourier transforms | |
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| Properties of Fourier transforms | |
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| Delta functions | |
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| Linear systems | |
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| Basic model | |
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| Convolution and deconvolution modeling | |
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| Finite length signals | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Discrete time series and transforms | |
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| Sampling of continuous data | |
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| The discrete Fourier transform | |
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| Properties of DFTs | |
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| The fast Fourier transform (FFT) | |
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| Digital convolution | |
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| Stacking | |
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| Random errors | |
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| Stacking examples | |
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| Seismometers and seismological networks | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The damped harmonic oscillator | |
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| Earth noise | |
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| Seismometers and seismographs | |
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| Digital recording | |
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| Types of networks | |
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| Global networks | |
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| Arrays | |
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| Regional networks | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Inverse Problems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Earthquake location | |
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| Theory | |
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| Earthquake location for a homogeneous medium | |
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| Errors | |
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| Earthquake location for more complex geometries | |
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| Travel time tomography | |
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| Theory | |
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| Generalized inverse | |
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| Properties of the generalized inverse solution | |
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| Variants of the solution | |
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| Examples | |
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| Stratified earth structure | |
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| Earth structure from normal modes | |
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| Parameter and data space inversions | |
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| Features of the solutions | |
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| Inverting for plate motions | |
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| Method | |
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| Testing the results with x[superscript 2] and F-ratio tests | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Mathematical and Computational Background | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Complex numbers | |
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| Scalars and vectors | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Elementary vector operations | |
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| Scalar products | |
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| Vector products | |
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| Index notation | |
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| Vector spaces | |
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| Matrix algebra | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Determinant | |
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| Inverse | |
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| Systems of linear equations | |
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| Solving systems of equations on a computer | |
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| Vector transformations | |
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| Coordinate transformations | |
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| Eigenvalues and eigenvectors | |
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| Symmetric matrix eigenvalues, eigenvectors, diagonalization, and decomposition | |
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| Vector calculus | |
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| Scalar and vector fields | |
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| Gradient | |
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| Divergence | |
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| Curl | |
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| Laplacian | |
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| Spherical coordinates | |
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| The spherical coordinate system | |
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| Distance and azimuth | |
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| Choice of axes | |
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| Vector operators in spherical coordinates | |
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| Scientific programming | |
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| Example: synthetic seismogram calculation | |
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| Programming style | |
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| Representation of numbers | |
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| A few pitfalls | |
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| Some philosophical points | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Solutions to selected odd-numbered problems | |
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| Index | |