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| The Development of Archaeological Chemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Investigations | |
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| The Growth of Scientific Archaeology in the 20th Century | |
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| Current Status and Scope of Archaeological Chemistry | |
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| The Structure of this Volume | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Analytical Techniques Applied to Archaeology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Structure of the Atom, the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Analytical Spectroscopy | |
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| Techniques Based on Optical Wavelengths | |
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| Optical Emission Spectroscopy | |
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| Atomic Absorption Spectrometry | |
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| Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry | |
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| Techniques Using X-Rays | |
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| X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry | |
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| Analytical Electron Microscopy | |
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| Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission | |
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| Neutron Activation Analysis | |
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| Mass Spectrometric Techniques | |
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| Chromatographic Techniques | |
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| Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy | |
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| Other Techniques | |
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| References | |
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| Obsidian Characterization in the Eastern Mediterranean | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origin and Formation of Obsidian | |
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| Sources of Obsidian in the Eastern Mediterranean and Neighbouring Regions | |
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| Review of Analytical Work | |
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| Archaeological Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Geochemistry of Clays and the Provenance of Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Structure of Clay Minerals | |
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| The Firing of Clays and the Mineralogical Composition of Ceramics | |
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| Trace Element Geochemistry in Clays | |
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| The Provenance of Archaeological Ceramics: Roman Finewares | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Chemistry, Corrosion and Provenance of Archaeological Glass | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Structure and Chemistry of Archaeological Glass | |
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| The Colour of Glass | |
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| The Decay of Medieval Window Glass | |
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| The Corrosion of Buried Glass | |
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| Radiogenic Isotopes and the Provenance of Glass | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Chemical Study of Metals - the Medieval and Later Brass Industry in Europe | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Production Methods of Brass in Antiquity | |
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| The Early History of Brass and Zinc | |
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| The Medieval and Later European Brass Industry | |
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| The Chemical Analysis of Metal Objects | |
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| The Chemical Study of European Brass Tokens and Coins | |
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| The Analysis of European Brass Scientific Instruments | |
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| The Analytical Authentication of Brass Instruments | |
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| European Copper and Brass in North America | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Chemistry and Use of Resinous Substances | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Resins: Definition and Uses | |
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| Chemistry of Resins | |
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| Monoterpenoids and Sesquiterpenoids | |
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| Diterpenoids | |
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| Triterpenoids | |
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| Analysis of Resins in Archaeological Contexts | |
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| Neolithic Tar | |
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| The Chemistry of Birch Bark and Birch Bark Tars | |
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| The Production and Uses of Neolithic Tars | |
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| Alternatives to Birch Bark and Softwood Tar | |
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| Summary: Evidence for Other Organic Substances | |
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| References | |
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| Amino Acid Stereochemistry and the First Americans | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Structure of Bone | |
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| Stereochemistry of Amino Acids | |
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| Racemization of Amino Acids | |
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| Amino Acid Racemization Dating of the Californian Paleoindians | |
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| The End of a Paradigm: Early Humans in the Americas | |
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| 'Some Kind of Joke'? Current Uses of Amino Acid Racemization | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Lead Isotope Geochemistry and the Trade in Metals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Trace Element Approach to Metal Provenance | |
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| Natural Radioactivity and the Stable Isotopes of Lead | |
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| The Lead Isotopic Composition of Metalliferous Deposits | |
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| Lead Isotopes in Archaeology | |
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| Isotopic Fractionation by Non-Equilibrium Evaporation | |
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| Defining an Ore Field | |
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| Lead Isotopes and the Bronze Age Mediterranean | |
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| Epilogue - 'What A Long Strange Trip Its Been'! | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Chemistry of Human Bone: Diet, Nutrition, Status and Mobility | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dietary Reconstruction from Trace Elements in Bone Mineral | |
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| Light Isotope Systematics and Trophic Levels | |
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| Isotopic Dietary Reconstruction from Human Bone | |
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| Status and Health | |
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| Mobility | |
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| Other Isotopic Approaches to Diet and Mobility | |
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| Carbonates and 'Deep Time' | |
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| Other Biomolecules and Isotopes | |
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| 'Provenancing Humans' - Strontium and Oxygen Isotopes | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Detection of Small Biomolecules: Dairy Products in the Archaeological Record | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fatty Acids: a Brief Overview of Chemistry and Occurrence | |
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| Dairy Chemistry | |
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| Archaeological Investigations of Dairying | |
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| DNA, Lactase Persistence and Early Dairying | |
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| Summary: Where do we go from here? | |
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| References | |
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| Summary - Whither Archaeological Chemistry? | |
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| Historical Summary | |
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| The Archaeological Relevance of Chemical Applications | |
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| Whither Archaeological Chemistry? | |
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| References | |
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| The Structure of the Atom, and the Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Isotopes | |
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| Fundamental Constants | |
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| Atomic Number and Approximate Atomic Weights (based on [superscript 12]C = 12.000) of the Elements | |
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| Periodic Table of the Elements | |
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| Subject Index | |