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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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Recreation and Tourism | |
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Introduction | |
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Leisure, Recreation and Tourism | |
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Disciplinary links | |
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Tourism Products | |
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Tourism Programmes? | |
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Conclusion | |
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Foundational Aspects of Ecotourism | |
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Introduction | |
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Ecotourism | |
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Exploring the boundaries of ecotourism | |
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Defining ecotourism | |
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The Ecotourist | |
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Specialization | |
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Benefits of ecotourism | |
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Ecotourism's Philosophical Basis | |
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Environmentalism | |
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Sustainable development and tourism | |
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The Environment as a System | |
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Systems analysis | |
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Human ecology | |
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Complexity | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Programme Setting: Going 'In' | |
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Introduction | |
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Ecotourism Supply | |
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Biodiversity | |
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Island biogeography and nature reserve design | |
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Public reserves | |
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Private reserves | |
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Resource Management | |
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Impacts | |
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Carrying capacity | |
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The ecological footprint | |
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The precautionary principle | |
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Discourse analysis | |
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Norms | |
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Community Development | |
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Tourism-community issues | |
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Social capital | |
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Tourism Ethics | |
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Theoretical ethics | |
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Conclusion | |
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Programming | |
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Introduction | |
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Planning | |
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Recreation Programming | |
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Programming Ideology | |
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Philosophy | |
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Mission and vision statements | |
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Goals and objectives | |
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Programming Theories | |
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Symbolic interactionism | |
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Social exchange theory | |
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Optimal arousal and flow | |
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Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation | |
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Personality | |
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Life stage | |
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Constraints | |
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Programming Strategies | |
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Programming Approaches | |
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The Programming Model | |
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The Programmer | |
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Tour Operators | |
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Other issues | |
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Conclusion | |
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Needs and Assets | |
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Introduction | |
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Motives (Needs) | |
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Needs Assessment | |
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Defining need | |
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Identifying study subjects | |
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Asking the right questions | |
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Collecting the data | |
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Data analysis | |
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Reporting and using the data for planning | |
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Attractions | |
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Inventories of attractions and resources | |
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The Business Plan | |
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PESTE and SWOT analysis | |
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Conclusion | |
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Programme Design A: Structure | |
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Introduction | |
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Designing the Structure of the Programme | |
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Programme areas | |
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Programme formats | |
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Programme setting | |
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Programme mobility | |
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Programme lodging | |
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Making Programme Design Decisions | |
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Designing the Programme's Interpretive Component | |
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Outdoor and environmental education | |
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Interpretation | |
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Models of interpretation | |
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A note on trails | |
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Conclusion | |
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Programme Design B: Gearing Up to Go | |
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Introduction | |
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Pre-trip Information: Briefing | |
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Mental and physical preparation | |
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Health Precautions | |
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Transportation | |
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Persons with Disabilities | |
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Personal Hygiene | |
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Food | |
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Water | |
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Recreational impacts on water | |
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First Aid and Survival | |
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Cold and heat | |
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Clothing and equipment | |
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Medical supplies | |
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Permits | |
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Environmental Conditions | |
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Wind and weather | |
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Plant and animal considerations | |
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Sun | |
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The Trip Planning Sheet | |
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Conclusion | |
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Programme Design C: Leadership and Risk | |
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Introduction | |
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Leadership | |
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Followers | |
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Approaches to Leadership | |
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Autocratic leadership | |
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Democratic leadership | |
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Laissez-faire leadership | |
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Comprehensive-interaction-expectation theory of leadership | |
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The leadership of Robert Greenleaf | |
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Professional Development | |
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Guiding: skills and guidelines | |
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Safety and Risk | |
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Risk Management | |
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The waiver | |
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Conclusion | |
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Programme Implementation | |
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Introduction | |
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Product Life Cycle | |
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Marketing | |
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Product | |
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Price | |
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Place | |
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Promotion | |
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A focus on people, systems and green | |
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Quality | |
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Staff Training | |
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Job satisfaction | |
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Public Relations | |
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Budgeting | |
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Implementation Strategies | |
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Schedules and itineraries | |
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Conclusion | |
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Evaluation | |
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Introduction | |
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The Scope of Evaluation | |
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Who should evaluate? | |
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Formative and summative evaluation | |
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Models of Evaluation | |
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Intuitive evaluation | |
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Evaluation by standards | |
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Evaluation by goals and objectives | |
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Evaluation by professional judgment | |
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Transaction-observation method | |
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Communicative and interactive approach | |
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Evaluation of leisure experience | |
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Importance-performance evaluation | |
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Evaluation of operator ethics | |
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Evaluation Details and Issues | |
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Details | |
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Issues | |
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Debriefing | |
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Certification and Accreditation | |
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Environmental Programmes | |
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Green Taxes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Integrated Ecotourism Programme Planning: a Synthesis | |
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General Conclusion | |
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Integrated Ecotourism Programme Planning | |
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Social and ecological systems | |
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Ecotourism ethic | |
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Governance | |
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Interplay between broad environment and ecotourism programming | |
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Main programme categories | |
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Shared philosophies, theories, strategies and approaches | |
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Needs and assets | |
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Programme design | |
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Implementation | |
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Evaluation | |
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Feedbacks | |
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Final Thoughts | |
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References | |
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Appendices | |
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Older Adult Orienteering Questionnaire | |
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Medical Form | |
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Packing Information | |
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The First Aid Kit | |
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Injury Checklist | |
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Illness Checklist | |
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Consciousness Record | |
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Survival Kit | |
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Checklist for Effective Leadership of Hiking and Backpacking Daytrip | |
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Sample Waiver Form | |
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Ozark Ecotours Reservation Form | |
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Birds of Trinidad and Tobago--Itinerary | |
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Index | |