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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Recreation and Tourism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Leisure, Recreation and Tourism | |
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| Disciplinary links | |
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| Tourism Products | |
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| Tourism Programmes? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Foundational Aspects of Ecotourism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ecotourism | |
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| Exploring the boundaries of ecotourism | |
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| Defining ecotourism | |
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| The Ecotourist | |
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| Specialization | |
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| Benefits of ecotourism | |
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| Ecotourism's Philosophical Basis | |
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| Environmentalism | |
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| Sustainable development and tourism | |
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| The Environment as a System | |
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| Systems analysis | |
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| Human ecology | |
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| Complexity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Programme Setting: Going 'In' | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ecotourism Supply | |
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| Biodiversity | |
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| Island biogeography and nature reserve design | |
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| Public reserves | |
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| Private reserves | |
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| Resource Management | |
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| Impacts | |
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| Carrying capacity | |
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| The ecological footprint | |
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| The precautionary principle | |
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| Discourse analysis | |
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| Norms | |
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| Community Development | |
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| Tourism-community issues | |
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| Social capital | |
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| Tourism Ethics | |
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| Theoretical ethics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Programming | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Planning | |
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| Recreation Programming | |
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| Programming Ideology | |
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| Philosophy | |
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| Mission and vision statements | |
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| Goals and objectives | |
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| Programming Theories | |
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| Symbolic interactionism | |
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| Social exchange theory | |
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| Optimal arousal and flow | |
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| Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation | |
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| Personality | |
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| Life stage | |
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| Constraints | |
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| Programming Strategies | |
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| Programming Approaches | |
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| The Programming Model | |
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| The Programmer | |
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| Tour Operators | |
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| Other issues | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Needs and Assets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Motives (Needs) | |
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| Needs Assessment | |
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| Defining need | |
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| Identifying study subjects | |
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| Asking the right questions | |
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| Collecting the data | |
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| Data analysis | |
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| Reporting and using the data for planning | |
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| Attractions | |
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| Inventories of attractions and resources | |
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| The Business Plan | |
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| PESTE and SWOT analysis | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Programme Design A: Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Designing the Structure of the Programme | |
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| Programme areas | |
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| Programme formats | |
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| Programme setting | |
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| Programme mobility | |
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| Programme lodging | |
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| Making Programme Design Decisions | |
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| Designing the Programme's Interpretive Component | |
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| Outdoor and environmental education | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| Models of interpretation | |
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| A note on trails | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Programme Design B: Gearing Up to Go | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pre-trip Information: Briefing | |
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| Mental and physical preparation | |
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| Health Precautions | |
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| Transportation | |
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| Persons with Disabilities | |
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| Personal Hygiene | |
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| Food | |
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| Water | |
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| Recreational impacts on water | |
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| First Aid and Survival | |
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| Cold and heat | |
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| Clothing and equipment | |
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| Medical supplies | |
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| Permits | |
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| Environmental Conditions | |
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| Wind and weather | |
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| Plant and animal considerations | |
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| Sun | |
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| The Trip Planning Sheet | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Programme Design C: Leadership and Risk | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Leadership | |
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| Followers | |
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| Approaches to Leadership | |
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| Autocratic leadership | |
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| Democratic leadership | |
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| Laissez-faire leadership | |
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| Comprehensive-interaction-expectation theory of leadership | |
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| The leadership of Robert Greenleaf | |
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| Professional Development | |
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| Guiding: skills and guidelines | |
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| Safety and Risk | |
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| Risk Management | |
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| The waiver | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Programme Implementation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Product Life Cycle | |
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| Marketing | |
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| Product | |
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| Price | |
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| Place | |
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| Promotion | |
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| A focus on people, systems and green | |
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| Quality | |
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| Staff Training | |
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| Job satisfaction | |
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| Public Relations | |
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| Budgeting | |
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| Implementation Strategies | |
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| Schedules and itineraries | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Scope of Evaluation | |
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| Who should evaluate? | |
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| Formative and summative evaluation | |
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| Models of Evaluation | |
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| Intuitive evaluation | |
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| Evaluation by standards | |
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| Evaluation by goals and objectives | |
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| Evaluation by professional judgment | |
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| Transaction-observation method | |
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| Communicative and interactive approach | |
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| Evaluation of leisure experience | |
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| Importance-performance evaluation | |
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| Evaluation of operator ethics | |
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| Evaluation Details and Issues | |
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| Details | |
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| Issues | |
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| Debriefing | |
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| Certification and Accreditation | |
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| Environmental Programmes | |
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| Green Taxes | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Integrated Ecotourism Programme Planning: a Synthesis | |
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| General Conclusion | |
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| Integrated Ecotourism Programme Planning | |
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| Social and ecological systems | |
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| Ecotourism ethic | |
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| Governance | |
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| Interplay between broad environment and ecotourism programming | |
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| Main programme categories | |
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| Shared philosophies, theories, strategies and approaches | |
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| Needs and assets | |
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| Programme design | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Feedbacks | |
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| Final Thoughts | |
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| References | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Older Adult Orienteering Questionnaire | |
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| Medical Form | |
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| Packing Information | |
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| The First Aid Kit | |
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| Injury Checklist | |
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| Illness Checklist | |
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| Consciousness Record | |
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| Survival Kit | |
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| Checklist for Effective Leadership of Hiking and Backpacking Daytrip | |
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| Sample Waiver Form | |
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| Ozark Ecotours Reservation Form | |
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| Birds of Trinidad and Tobago--Itinerary | |
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| Index | |