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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Statistics | |
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| Parameters and Statistics | |
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| Sampling and Independent Observations | |
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| Types of Variables | |
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| Independent and Dependent Variables | |
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| Selection of the Appropriate Statistical Test | |
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| Procedures for Inferential Statistical Tests | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Probability | |
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| Classic Probability | |
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| Probability Involving Two Variables | |
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| Conditional Probability | |
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| Probability Distribution | |
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| Counting Techniques | |
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| Binomial Distribution | |
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| Poisson Distribution | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Random Sampling | |
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| Other Probability Sampling Procedures | |
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| Precision, Accuracy, and Bias | |
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| Reliability and Validity | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Presentation Modes | |
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| Tabulation of Data | |
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| Visual Displays for Discrete Variables | |
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| Visual Displays for Continuous Variables | |
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| Visual Displays for Two or More Continuous Variables | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Centers of a Continuous Distribution | |
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| Dispersion within a Continuous Distribution | |
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| Population versus Sample Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Measurements Related to the Sample Standard Deviation | |
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| Trimmed Mean | |
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| Alternative Computational Methods for Calculating Central Tendency | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| The Normal Distribution and Data Transformation | |
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| The Normal Distribution | |
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| Determining if the Distribution is Normal | |
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| Data Transformations: An Overview | |
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| Lognormal Transformation and the Geometric Mean | |
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| Other Types of Transformations | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Confidence Intervals and Tolerance Limits | |
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| Sampling Distribution | |
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| Standard Error of the Mean versus the Standard Deviation | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Statistical Control Charts | |
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| Process Capability Indices | |
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| Tolerance Limits | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Types of Errors | |
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| Type I Error | |
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| Type II Error and Power | |
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| Experimental Errors and Propagation of Errors | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| t-Tests | |
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| Parametric Procedures | |
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| The t-Distribution | |
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| One-Tailed vs. Two-Tailed Tests | |
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| One-Sample t-Tests | |
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| Two-Sample t-Tests | |
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| Corrected Degrees of Freedom for Unequal Variances | |
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| One-Sample t-Test Revisited for Critical Value | |
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| Matched Pair t-Test (Difference t-Test) | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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| Hypothesis Testing with the One-Way ANOVA | |
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| The F-Distribution | |
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| Test Statistic | |
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| ANOVA Definitional Formula | |
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| ANOVA Computational Formula | |
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| Randomized Block Design | |
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| Homogeniety of Variance | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Multiple Comparison Tests | |
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| Error Associated with Multiple t-Tests | |
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| Overview of Multiple Comparison Tests | |
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| The q-Statistic | |
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| Planned Multiple Comparisons | |
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| Bonferroni Adjustment | |
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| Sidak Test | |
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| Dunn's Multiple Comparisons | |
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| Dunnett's Test | |
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| Post hoc Procedures | |
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| Tukey HSD Test | |
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| Student Newman-Keuls Test | |
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| Fisher LSD Test | |
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| Scheffe Procedure | |
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| Scheffe Procedure for Complex Comparisons | |
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| Unbalanced Designs | |
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| Lack of Homogeneity | |
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| Other Post hoc Tests | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Factorial Designs: An Introduction | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Two-Way Analysis of Variance | |
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| Computational Formula with Unequal Cell Size | |
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| Post Hoc Procedures | |
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| Repeated Measures Design | |
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| Repeatability and Reproducibility | |
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| Latin Square Designs | |
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| Other Designs | |
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| Fixed, Random and Mixed Effect Models | |
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| Beyond a Two-Way Factorial Design | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Graphic Representation of Two Continuous Variables | |
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| Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Correlation Line | |
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| Statistical Significance of a Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Correlation and Causality | |
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| In vivo - In vitro Correlation | |
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| Other Types of Bivariate Correlations | |
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| Pairwise Correlations Involving More Than Two Variables | |
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| Multiple Correlations | |
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| Partial Correlations | |
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| Nonlinear Correlations | |
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| Assessing Independence and Randomness | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Linear Regression | |
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| The Regression Line | |
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| Coefficient of Determination | |
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| ANOVA Table | |
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| Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing for the Population Slope ([beta]) | |
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| Confidence Intervals for the Regression Line | |
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| Inverse Prediction | |
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| Multiple Data at Various Points on the Independent Variable | |
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| Assessing Parallelism of the Slopes of Two Samples | |
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| Multiple Linear Regression Models | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| z-Tests of Proportions | |
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| z-Test of Proportions - One-Sample Case | |
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| z-Test of Proportions - Two-Sample Case | |
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| Estimating Power and Desired Sample size for Two-Sample z-Test of Proportions | |
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| z-Tests for Proportions - Yates' Correction for Continuity | |
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| Proportion Testing for More Than Two Levels of a Discrete Independent Variable | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Chi Square Tests | |
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| Chi Square Statistic | |
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| Chi Square for One Discrete Independent Variable | |
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| Chi Square Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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| Chi Square Test of Independence | |
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| Yates' Correction for 2 x 2 Contingency Table | |
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| Comparison of Chi Square to the Z-Test of Proportions | |
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| Fisher's Exact Test | |
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| McNemar's Test | |
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| Cochran's Q Test | |
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| Mantel-Haenszel Test | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Measures of Association | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dichotomous Associations | |
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| Nominal Associations | |
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| Ordinal Associations | |
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| Nominal-by-Interval Associations | |
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| Reliability Measurements | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problem | |
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| Odds Ratios and Relative Risk Ratios | |
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| Probability, Odds, and Risk | |
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| Odds Ratio | |
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| Relative Risk | |
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| Graphic Display for Odds Ratios and Relative Risk Ratios | |
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| Mantel-Haenszel Estimate of Relative Risk | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Evidence-Based Practice: An Introduction | |
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| Sensitivity and Specificity | |
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| Two-by-Two Contingency Table | |
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| Defining Evidence-Based Practice | |
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| Frequentist versus Bayesian Approaches to Probability | |
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| Predictive Values | |
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| Likelihood Ratios | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Survival Statistics | |
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| Censored Survival Data | |
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| Life Table Analysis | |
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| Survival Curve | |
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| Kaplan-Meier Procedure | |
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| Visual Comparison of Two Survival Curves | |
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| Tests to Compare Two Levels of an Independent Variable | |
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| Hazard Ratios | |
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| Multiple Regression with Survival Data: Proportional Hazards Regression | |
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| Other Measures and Tests of Survival | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Use of Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Ranking of Information | |
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| Mann-Whitney U Test | |
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| Median Test | |
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| Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test | |
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| Sign Test | |
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| Kruskal-Wallis Test | |
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| Post hoc Comparisons Using Kruskal-Wallis | |
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| Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance | |
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| Spearman Rank-Order Correlation | |
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| Theil's Incomplete Method | |
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| Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
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| Anderson-Darling Test | |
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| Runs Tests | |
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| Range Tests | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Statistical Tests for Equivalence | |
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| Bioequivalence Testing | |
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| Experimental Designs for Bioequivalence Studies | |
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| Two-Sample t-Test Example | |
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| Power in Bioequivalence Tests | |
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| Rules for Bioequivalence | |
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| Creating Confidence Intervals | |
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| Comparison Using Two One-Sided t-Tests | |
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| Clinical Equivalence and Noninferiority | |
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| Dissolution Testing | |
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| SUPAC-IR Guidance | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Outlier Tests | |
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| Regulatory Considerations | |
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| Outliers on a Single Continuum | |
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| Plotting and the Number of Standard Deviations from the Center | |
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| The "Huge" Rule | |
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| Grubbs' Test for Outlying Observations | |
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| Dixon Q Test | |
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| Hampel's Rule | |
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| Multiple Outliers | |
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| Bivariate Outliers in Correlation and Regression Analysis | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| Statistical Errors in the Literature | |
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| Errors and the Peer Review Process | |
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| Problems with Experimental Design | |
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| Standard Deviations versus Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| Problems with Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Problems with Parametric Statistics | |
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| Errors with the Chi Square Test of Independence | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Suggested Supplemental Readings | |
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| Flow Charts for the Selection of Appropriate Tests | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| Random Numbers Table | |
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| Normal Standardized Distribution | |
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| K-Values for Calculating Tolerance Limits (two-tailed) | |
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| K-Values for Calculating Tolerance Limits (one-tailed) | |
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| Student t-Distribution (1 - [alpha]/2) | |
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| Comparison of One-tailed vs. Two-Tailed t-Distributions | |
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| Analysis of Variance F-Distribution | |
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| Upper Percentage Points of the F[subscript max] Statistic | |
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| Upper Percentage Points of the Cochran C Test for Homogeneity of Variance | |
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| Percentage Points of the Standardized Range (q) | |
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| Percentage Points of the Dunn Multiple Comparisons | |
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| Critical Values of q for the Two-Tailed Dunnett's Test | |
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| Critical Values of q for the One-Tailed Dunnett's Test | |
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| Values of r at Different Levels of Significance | |
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| Chi Square Distribution | |
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| Critical Values for Kolmogorov Goodness-of-Fit Test ([alpha] = 0.05) | |
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| Critical Values for Smirnov Test Statistic ([alpha] = 0.05) | |
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| Critical Values for the Runs Test ([alpha] = 0.05) | |
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| Critical Values for T[subscript I] Range Test ([alpha] = 0.05) | |
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| Critical Values for the F[subscript R] Test for Dispersion | |
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| Values for Use in Grubbs Test for Outlier ([alpha]) | |
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| Values for Use in Dixon Test for Outlier ([alpha]) | |
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| Index | |