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| Preface | |
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| Author | |
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| Foreword | |
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| "Extra-Ordinary" Individuals and Groups of People | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview | |
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| Defining Ergonomics | |
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| Task Demands on the Person | |
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| Human Capabilities and Limitations | |
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| Defining "Extra-Ordinary" Individuals and Population Groups | |
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| A Day in the Life of My Mother | |
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| Differing From the Norm | |
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| Anthropometry | |
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| Anthropometry of the U.S. Population | |
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| Physical Capabilities | |
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| Ability To Do Strenuous Work | |
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| Muscle Strength | |
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| Thermoregulation of the Body | |
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| Capabilities of the Mind | |
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| The Nervous System | |
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| Sensors | |
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| Workload and Stress | |
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| Sensing the Environment | |
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| The Vision Sense | |
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| Mobility of the Eyes | |
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| Line of Sight | |
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| Size of the Visual Target | |
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| Visual Acuity | |
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| Accommodation | |
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| Visual Problems | |
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| The Hearing Sense | |
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| Hearing in Noise | |
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| The Senses of Smell and Taste | |
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| Smell | |
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| Taste | |
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| The Cutaneous Senses | |
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| Sensing Touch | |
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| Sensing Warmth and Coldness | |
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| Sensing Pain | |
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| Research Needs | |
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| Responding to Stimuli | |
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| Reaction Time | |
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| Motion Time | |
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| Response Time | |
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| Summary | |
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| Assessment Methods and Techniques | |
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| Overview | |
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| Measurement Teams | |
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| Anthropometric Techniques | |
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| Assessing Energetic Capabilities | |
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| Assessing Muscle Strength | |
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| Assessing Mental Workload | |
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| Assessing Vision Capabilities | |
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| Assessing Auditory Capabilities | |
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| Assessing Smelling and Tasting Capabilities | |
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| Odorants and Odors | |
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| Gustation | |
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| Assessing Taction Senses | |
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| Assessing Response Times | |
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| Reaction Time | |
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| Motion Time | |
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| Response Time | |
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| Assessing Complex Capabilities | |
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| Activities of Daily Living | |
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| Systematic Gathering of Information | |
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| Intrinsic Performance Elements | |
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| The "Allied IPE" Model | |
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| Review of Existing Assessments | |
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| Gerontology | |
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| Medicine | |
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| Physiology | |
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| Psychology | |
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| Biomechanics | |
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| Sports Sciences | |
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| Anthropometry | |
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| Rehabilitation Engineering | |
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| Industrial Engineering | |
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| Conclusions Drawn From the Review of Existing Tests | |
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| Possible Solutions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Principles of Human Factors Engineering | |
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| Overview | |
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| Striving for Better Designs | |
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| Designing for Safety | |
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| Designing for Ease of Use | |
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| Designing for Variability | |
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| Using Statistics | |
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| Phantoms, Ghosts, and the "Average Person" Manikin | |
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| Proper Design Procedures | |
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| Single Cutoff | |
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| "Max or Min" Design | |
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| Dual Cutoff | |
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| "Min and Max" Design | |
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| Use of Average Values | |
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| How to Determine Critical Design Values | |
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| Statistical Procedures | |
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| Determining a Single Percentile as Cutoff Point ("Max or Min") | |
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| Determining the Upper and Lower Limits of a Range ("Min" and "Max") | |
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| Combining Anthropometric Data Sets | |
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| How to Get Missing Data | |
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| Designing for Body Strength | |
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| Designing the "Signal Loop" | |
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| Designing for Groups of People and for Individuals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Design for Movement: With Special Solutions for the Very Small and Big, for Those With Lower Back Problems, and for Bedridden Persons | |
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| Overview | |
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| Design for Motion Instead of Posture | |
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| Design to Fit Body Dimensions | |
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| Design for Very Small and Very Big People | |
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| What Data to Use? | |
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| Calculating Data | |
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| Measuring Data | |
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| Design to Avoid Harm and Injury | |
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| Medical Errors | |
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| Repetition-Caused Injuries | |
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| Low Back Problems | |
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| Beds and Chairs | |
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| Lift Belts | |
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| Nurses and Their Patients | |
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| Summary | |
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| Design for Persons with Disabilities | |
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| Overview | |
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| Defining and Measuring Disabilities | |
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| Performance Impairments and Disabilities | |
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| Problem Identification Matrix | |
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| "Ergonomics for One" | |
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| Locomotion Aids | |
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| Wheelchairs | |
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| Automobiles | |
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| Use of Computers | |
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| Ergonomic Design of Telesupport Systems | |
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| Consumer Products | |
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| Selection of Assistive Technology | |
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| Sources of Information and Advice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Design for Aging | |
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| Overview | |
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| What to Expect as One Ages | |
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| Demographics | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Life Expectancy | |
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| How We Age | |
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| "Successful Aging" | |
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| Aging-Related Changes and Their Ergonomic Counteractions | |
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| Changes in Anthropometry | |
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| Changes in Musculoskeletal Attributes | |
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| Changes in Respiration and Circulation | |
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| Changes in Nervous Functions | |
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| Changes in the Brain | |
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| Changes in the Capacity for Physical Work | |
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| Changes in Visual Functions | |
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| Eye Movements | |
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| Accommodation Problems | |
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| Less Light Passing Through the Pupil | |
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| Cataracts | |
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| Yellowing of Lens and Humor | |
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| Floaters, Veil, and Glare | |
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| Loss of Cones, Rods, or Retinal Pigment | |
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| Self-Reported Vision Problems | |
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| Recommended Checkups | |
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| Changes in Hearing | |
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| Changes in Taste and Smell | |
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| Changes in Somesthetic Sensitivity | |
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| Changes in Sensory and Psychomotor Performance | |
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| Designing for the Older Person | |
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| Designing for the Aging Eye | |
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| Designing for the Aging Driver and Passenger | |
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| Designing Computer Systems for the Aging | |
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| Designing Internet Health Information | |
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| Designing Living Quarters for the Aging | |
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| A Home Suitable for Older Persons | |
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| Kitchen | |
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| Bathroom | |
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| Bedroom | |
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| Designing Nursing Homes | |
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| Remodeling an Existing Habitat | |
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| Sources of Information and Advice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Design for Expectant Mothers | |
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| Overview | |
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| Special Designs for Women? | |
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| Changes in Body Dimensions of Expectant Mothers | |
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| Using Seat Belts | |
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| Changes in Work Capacity During Pregnancy | |
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| Ergonomic Design Recommendations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Design for Children and Adolescents | |
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| Overview | |
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| Children Grow Into Adolescents | |
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| Anthropometry of Children and Adolescents | |
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| Overweight and Obesity | |
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| Growing Bodies | |
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| Growth Charts | |
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| Body Mass of Children and Adolescents | |
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| Body Strength of Children and Adolescents | |
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| Designing for Children and Adolescents | |
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| Designing Safe Openings | |
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| Designing Furniture for Play and Work | |
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| School Furniture | |
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| Computer Play Stations and Workplaces | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Index | |