| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| History and Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Structures Fail | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Fracture Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Liberty Ships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Post-War Fracture Mechanics Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Mechanics from 1960 to 1980 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Mechanics from 1980 to the Present | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fracture Mechanics Approach to Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Energy Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Stress-Intensity Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-Dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Material Properties on Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Brief Review of Dimensional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Buckingham II-Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dimensional Analysis in Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fundamental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Atomic View of Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Concentration Effect of Flaws | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Griffith Energy Balance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison with the Critical Stress Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modified Griffith Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instability and the R Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reasons for the R Curve Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
| Load Control vs. Displacement Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structures with Finite Compliance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Analysis of Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Stress Intensity Factor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationship between K and Global Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Finite Size | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principle of Superposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationship between K and G | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack-Tip Plasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Irwin Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Strip-Yield Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison of Plastic Zone Corrections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plastic Zone Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
| K-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plane Strain Fracture: Fact vs. Fiction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack-Tip Triaxiality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Thickness on Apparent Fracture Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plastic Zone Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implications for Cracks in Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mixed-Mode Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propagation of an Angled Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Mode I Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biaxial Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction of Multiple Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coplanar Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parallel Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Foundations of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plane Elasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cartesian Coordinates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polar Coordinates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Growth Instability Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack-Tip Stress Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized In-Plane Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Westergaard Stress Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elliptical Integral of the Second Kind | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack-Tip-Opening Displacement | |
| |
| |
| |
| The J Contour Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
| J as a Path-Independent Line Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
| J as a Stress Intensity Parameter | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Large Strain Zone | |
| |
| |
| |
| Laboratory Measurement of J | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relationships Between J and CTOD | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack-Growth Resistance Curves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stable and Unstable Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computing J for a Growing Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
| J-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stationary Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| J-Controlled Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack-Tip Constraint Under Large-Scale Yielding | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Elastic T Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| J-Q Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| The J-Q Toughness Locus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effect of Failure Mechanism on the J-Q Locus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scaling Model for Cleavage Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Failure Criterion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three-Dimensional Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of the Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limitations of Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Foundations of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determining CTOD from the Strip-Yield Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| The J Contour Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
| J as a Nonlinear Elastic Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
| The HRR Singularity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Stable Crack Growth in Small-Scale Yielding | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Rice-Drugan-Sham Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steady State Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notes on the Applicability of Deformation Plasticity to Crack Problems | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic and Time-Dependent Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Fracture and Crack Arrest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rapid Loading of a Stationary Crack | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rapid Crack Propagation and Arrest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Speed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastodynamic Crack-Tip Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Arrest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Contour Integrals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Creep Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| The C* Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Short-Time vs. Long-Time Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| The C[subscript t] Parameter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Primary Creep | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viscoelastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Viscoelasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Viscoelastic J Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constitutive Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correspondence Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized J Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Initiation and Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transition from Linear to Nonlinear Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Fracture Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastodynamic Crack Tip Fields | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of the Generalized Energy Release Rate | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Material Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Mechanisms in Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ductile Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Void Nucleation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Void Growth and Coalescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ductile Crack Growth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cleavage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fractography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Cleavage Initiation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Models of Cleavage Fracture Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ductile-Brittle Transition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intergranular Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Modeling of Cleavage Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weakest Link Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Incorporating a Conditional Probability of Propagation | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Mechanisms in Nonmetals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Engineering Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure and Properties of Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Weight | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viscoelastic Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Analogs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Yielding and Fracture in Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chain Scission and Disentanglement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shear Yielding and Crazing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack-Tip Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rubber Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber-Reinforced Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Failure Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delamination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compressive Failure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notch Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue Damage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ceramics and Ceramic Composites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microcrack Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transformation Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ductile Phase Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber and Whisker Toughening | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concrete and Rock | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Toughness Testing of Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specimen Configurations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specimen Orientation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue Precracking | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Side Grooving | |
| |
| |
| |
| K[subscript Ic] Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| ASTM E 399 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shortcomings of E 399 and Similar Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
| K-R Curve Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specimen Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Measurement of K-R Curves | |
| |
| |
| |
| J Testing of Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Basic Test Procedure and J[subscript Ic] Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| J-R Curve Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Critical J Values for Unstable Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| CTOD Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic and Crack-Arrest Toughness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rapid Loading in Fracture Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| K[subscript Ia] Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Testing of Weldments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specimen Design and Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Notch Location and Orientation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue Precracking | |
| |
| |
| |
| Posttest Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Testing and Analysis of Steels in the Ductile-Brittle Transition Region | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Toughness Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Charpy and Izod Impact Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drop Weight Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drop Weight Tear and Dynamic Tear Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Intensity, Compliance, and Limit Load Solutions for Laboratory Specimens | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Testing of Nonmetals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Suitability of K and J for Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| K-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| J-Controlled Fracture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Precracking and Other Practical Matters | |
| |
| |
| |
| K[subscript Ic] Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| J Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Estimates of Time-Dependent Fracture Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Fracture Tests on Plastics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interlaminar Toughness of Composites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ceramics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chevron-Notched Specimens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bend Specimens Precracked by Bridge Indentation | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application to Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| K[subscript 1] for Part-Through Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Influence Coefficients for Polynomial Stress Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weight Functions for Arbitrary Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Primary, Secondary, and Residual Stresses | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Warning about LEFM | |
| |
| |
| |
| The CTOD Design Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastic-Plastic J-Integral Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| The EPRI J-Estimation Procedure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimation Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparison with Experimental J Estimates | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reference Stress Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ductile Instability Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Practical Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Failure Assessment Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Original Concept | |
| |
| |
| |
| J-Based FAD | |
| |
| |
| |
| Approximations of the FAD Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Estimating the Reference Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application to Welded Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Incorporating Weld Residual Stresses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weld Misalignment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weld Strength Mismatch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Primary vs. Secondary Stresses in the FAD Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ductile-Tearing Analysis with the FAD | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standardized FAD-Based Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Intensity and Fully Plastic J Solutions for Selected Configurations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue Crack Propagation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Similitude in Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Empirical Fatigue Crack Growth Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Closure | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Closer Look at Crack-Wedging Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects of Loading Variables on Closure | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fatigue Threshold | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Closure Model for the Threshold | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Two-Criterion Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Threshold Behavior in Inert Environments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variable Amplitude Loading and Retardation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Damage Model for Variable Amplitude Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reverse Plasticity at the Crack Tip | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Overloads and Underloads | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models for Retardation and Variable Amplitude Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Growth of Short Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstructurally Short Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanically Short Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Micromechanisms of Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue in Region II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Micromechanisms Near the Threshold | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue at High [Delta]K Values | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatigue Crack Growth Experiments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Growth Rate and Threshold Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Closure Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Proposed Experimental Definition of [Delta]K[subscript eff] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Damage Tolerance Methodology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of The J Contour Integral to Cyclic Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definition of [Delta]J | |
| |
| |
| |
| Path Independence of [Delta]J | |
| |
| |
| |
| Small-Scale Yielding Limit | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrosion Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrochemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrosion Current and Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrode Potential and Passivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cathodic Protection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Cracking Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terminology and Classification of Cracking Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Occluded Chemistry of Cracks, Pits, and Crevices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Growth Rate vs. Applied Stress Intensity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Threshold for EAC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Small Crack Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Static, Cyclic, and Fluctuating Loads | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cracking Morphology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Life Prediction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress Corrosion Cracking | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Film Rupture Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crack Growth Rate in Stage II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metallurgical Variables that Influence SCC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrosion Product Wedging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen Embrittlement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cracking Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variables that Affect Cracking Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Loading Rate and Load History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amount of Available Hydrogen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrosion Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-Dependent and Cycle-Dependent Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Typical Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Film Rupture Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Films | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Corrosion Product Wedging on Fatigue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tests on Smooth Specimens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fracture Mechanics Test Methods | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computational Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Numerical Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Finite Element Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Boundary Integral Equation Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traditional Methods in Computational Fracture Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress and Displacement Matching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elemental Crack Advance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contour Integration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtual Crack Extension: Stiffness Derivative Formulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtual Crack Extension: Continuum Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Energy Domain Integral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalization to Three Dimensions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finite Element Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mesh Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Elastic Convergence Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Growing Cracks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of Singularity Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quadrilateral Element | |
| |
| |
| |
| Triangular Element | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practice Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 1 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 4 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 5 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 6 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 7 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 8 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 9 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 10 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 11 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chapter 12 | |
| |
| |
| Index | |