| |
| |
| |
| The Soil Chemical Environment: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phases and Chemical Processes in Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intraphase Soil Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interphase Soil Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements in the Soil Environment: Their Concentrations and Important Species | |
| |
| |
| |
| Units and Conversions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heterogeneity of Soil Chemical Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Statistical Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Geostatistics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variograms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpolation by Kriging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Bonds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pauling's Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crystal Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silicate Classes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nesosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sorosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cyclosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phyllosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tectosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clay Mineralogy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Division 1:1 Phyllosilicate Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Division 2:1 Phyllosilicate Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pyrophyllite Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| Smectite Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vermiculite Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mica and Illite Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chlorite Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interstratified Layer Silicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrous Metal Oxides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrous Aluminum Oxides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrous Iron Oxides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrous Manganese Oxides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Allophane and Imogolite | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Diffraction Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clay Mineral Characterization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Weathering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrolysis and Oxidation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Balancing Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineral Stability: Primary Silicates in the Sand- and Silt-Sized Fractions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineral Stability: Clay-Sized Fraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weathering and Formation Characteristics of the Phyllosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mica | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chlorite | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vermiculite | |
| |
| |
| |
| Smectite | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Weathering Scheme for the Phyllosilicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Matter in Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determination of Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Functional Groups: A Review | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonhumic Substances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbohydrates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lipids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lignins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Humic Substances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genesis of Humic Substances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical and Structural Characteristics of Humic Substances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elemental Content | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Groups and Structural Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Mass and Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Water Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nature of Water | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ion Hydration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrolyte Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydrolysis of Cations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lowry-Bronsted Acids and Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex Ions and Ion Pairs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability of Soluble Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Irving and Williams Series | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metal-Fulvate Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ion Association Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ion Speciation in Soil Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid Soil Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| alkaline Soil Solution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Aspects of Ion Speciation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Water Sampling Methodologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Situ Soil Water Sampling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ex Situ Soil Water Sampling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods of Chemical Analysis: Elemental Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atomic Emission Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inductively Coupled (Argon) Plasma Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineral Solubility | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineral Solubility: Basic Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineralogical Controls on Ion Activities in Soil Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ion Activity Product and Relative Saturation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of Mineral Solubility Principles: Impediments | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Estimation of Standard Free Energies of Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metastability and the Step Rule | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Deviation of K[subscript sp] from K[subscript dis] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Poorly Crystalline and Microcrystalline Solids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solid Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mineral Solubility and Solution Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Activity Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Activity Ratio Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Situ Stabilization: Observed and Predicted Transformations of Metallic Lead in Alkaline Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predominance Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predicting Solution Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Chemistry and Adsorption Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Functional Groups and Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inorganic Soil Particle Surfaces and the Source of Charge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Solid-Solution Interface: A Microscopic View | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Charge Density | |
| |
| |
| |
| Points of Zero Charge | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Electric Double-Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Description of Adsorption | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Adsorption Isotherm | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Partition Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adsorption Kinetics and Desorption Hysteresis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specific Retention of Metals and Ligands | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ligand Effects on Metal Adsorption | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Surface Functional Groups and Organic Molecular Retention Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Organic Surface Functional Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| Molecular Retention Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Complexation Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nonelectrostatic Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrostatic Effects on Adsorption | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Constant Capacitance Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Modified Triple Layer Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cation Exchange | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cation Exchange: A Beginning for Soil Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Aspects of Cation Exchange | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchange Phase Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exchange Phase Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods of Measuring the Cation Exchange Capacity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ammonium Acetate (pH 7 or 8.2) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cation Exchange Capacity of Arid Land Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cation Exchange Capacity of Acid Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unbuffered Salt Extraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Description of Cation Exchange | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cation Exchange Selectivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kerr Selectivity Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vanselow Selectivity Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rothmund and Kornfeld Selectivity Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gapon Selectivity Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gaines and Thomas Selectivity Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Davies Selectivity Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regular Solution Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exchange Isotherms and Preference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exchange Equilibrium Constant | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Electron Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Redox Potential Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Redox Status in Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reduction-Oxidation Sequences in Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Redox Zones | |
| |
| |
| |
| pe-pH Predominance Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Construction of pe-pH Diagrams: The Cr-H[subscript 2]O System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of pe-pH Diagrams for Redox-Sensitive Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iron and Manganese | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selenium | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arsenic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acidity in Soil Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Measurement of Soil Solution pH | |
| |
| |
| |
| The pH Electrode System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Solution pH | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical and Biochemical Processes that Influence Soil Solution pH | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid-Neutralizing Capacity and the Quantification of Soil Acidity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neutralization of Soil Acidity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid Generation and Management in Mine Spoils: The Oxidation of Pyrite | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acid Generation and Neutralization in Pyritic Wastes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pyritic Mine Spoil Reclamation: Case Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soil Salinity and Sodicity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources of Salts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagnostic Characteristics of Saline and Sodic Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Irrigation Water Quality Parameters and Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genesis, Management, and Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Saline Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sodic Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of Sodic Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flocculation and Dispersion in Colloidal Suspensions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genesis and Management of Sodic Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sodic Mine Spoil Reclamation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |