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| Series Introduction | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Blind Equalization: A Popular Research Topic | |
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| Motivation For This Book | |
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| Blind Equalization and Identification of Communication Channels | |
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| Network Collision Resolution of Transmitted Packets | |
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| Blind Deconvolution: A Related Application | |
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| A Brief History | |
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| 1975 to Present: Blind Single Channel Equalization | |
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| 1981 to Present: Blind Statistical Channel Identification | |
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| 1991 to Present: Multichannel Identification and Equalization | |
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| Organization and Contents | |
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| Basic Concepts and Approaches | |
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| Channel Equalization in QAM Data Communication Systems | |
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| SISO and SIMO Discrete Channel Model | |
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| Channel Equalization | |
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| T-Spaced Equalizers | |
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| Fractionally-Spaced Equalizers | |
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| Nonlinear Equalization | |
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| The Need for Blind Channel Equalization and Identification | |
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| Basic Approaches to Blind Equalization and Identification | |
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| Blind SISO Equalization | |
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| Blind SISO Channel Identification | |
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| Blind SIMO Channel Identification | |
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| Blind Multichannel Equalization | |
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| Single Input Single Output Blind Equalization Algorithms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| SISO Channel Equalization | |
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| Channel Equalization in QAM Communication Systems | |
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| Blind Adaptive Channel Equalizer | |
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| Basic Facts on Blind Adaptive Equalization | |
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| Adaptive Blind SISO Equalizers | |
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| FIR Linear Equalizers | |
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| Cost Functions and Associated Adaptive Algorithms | |
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| The Sato Algorithm and Its Generalizations | |
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| The Sato Algorithm | |
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| BGR Algorithms (an Extension of the Sato Algorithm) | |
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| Stop-and-Go Algorithms | |
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| Bussgang Algorithms | |
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| Constant Modulus Algorithms and Related Schemes | |
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| Constant Modulus (Godard) Algorithm | |
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| Shalvi and Weinstein Algorithms | |
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| Stochastic Gradient Descent Adaptation | |
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| A Blind Equalization Example | |
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| Convergence of Blind SISO Adaptive Algorithms | |
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| Convergence Requirement of Open Eye Equalizers | |
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| Some Known Convergence Results | |
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| Local Convergence of Blind Equalizers | |
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| Convergence Requirement of Bussgang Algorithms | |
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| Initialization Issues | |
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| QAM Algorithms Based on Convex Cost Functions | |
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| Background | |
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| Linearly Constrained Equalizer with Convex Cost | |
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| Convex Cost Function and Parameter Constraint | |
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| Global Convergence | |
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| Remarks and Comments | |
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| Implementation and Simulation | |
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| A Fast Linear Programming Algorithm for Convex Cost | |
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| Weakness of Batch and Adaptive Implementations | |
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| Linear Programming Formulations | |
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| Implementation and Simulation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Local Convergence Analysis of SISO Blind Equalizers | |
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| Convergence Equilibria of Blind Equalizers | |
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| The Constant Modulus Algorithm and Godard Algorithm | |
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| Undesirable Equilibria of Godard Algorithms | |
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| Stability Condition for the Undesirable Equilibria | |
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| Consequences of Ill-Convergence | |
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| Examples of Stable Undesirable Equilibria | |
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| Effect of Channel Noise and Mismodeling | |
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| Shalvi-Weinstein and Standard Cumulant Algorithms | |
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| Geometric Relationship between SWA and CMA | |
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| Initial Kurtosis Effect on SWA Finite Equalizer convergence | |
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| SWA Minimum Location and An Initialization Strategy | |
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| Extension of Results to QAM Communication Systems | |
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| Convergence Analysis of Equalizers Driven by SCA | |
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| The Sato Algorithm | |
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| Decision-Direct and Stop-and-Go Algorithms | |
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| Stop-and-Go Algorithms | |
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| Decision-Directed Equalizer | |
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| Computer Simulation Example | |
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| Non-Equivalence of Two Parameter Spaces | |
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| Nullspace Analysis for Causal Parameterizations | |
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| Nullspace Analysis for Doubly Infinite Parameterizations | |
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| Comments | |
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| Example | |
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| Length-Dependent and Cost-Dependent Local Minima | |
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| Length-Dependent Local Minima | |
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| Cost-Dependent Local Minima of Some Blind Algorithms | |
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| Static and Dynamic Convergence Behavior of FIR Equalizers | |
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| Basic Relationships | |
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| Properties of Prediction Error Function | |
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| Static Convergence Analysis | |
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| Dynamic Convergence Analysis | |
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| Computer Simulations | |
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| Summary and Further Reading | |
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| Linear Multichannel Identification Methods Based On Second Order Statistics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Multiple Discrete Channel Model for Identification | |
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| Linear Baseband Model | |
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| Channel Diversity from Integer Oversampling | |
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| Fractional Oversampling | |
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| Second Order Statistics of Multichannel Outputs | |
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| The TXK Time Domain SIMO Algorithm | |
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| Two SIMO Methods for Blind Identification | |
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| A Subspace Based Algorithm | |
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| A Subchannel Matching Algorithm | |
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| Exploiting Partial System Information | |
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| Motivations | |
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| Partial Knowledge of the Composite Channel | |
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| Simulation Results | |
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| Least Square Estimation Approaches to SIMO Identification | |
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| Multichannel Identification from Second Order Statistics | |
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| Linear Prediction Algorithm for Multichannel Identification | |
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| Outer-Product Decomposition Algorithm | |
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| Multi-Step Linear Prediction | |
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| Channel Estimation by Linear Smoothing | |
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| Channel Estimation by Constrained Output Energy Minimization | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Simulation Results | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Frequency Domain Approaches to Single User Channel Identification | |
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| Overview | |
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| Second Order Cyclostationarity | |
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| Channel Identification via Frequency Response Sampling | |
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| Channel Phase Information in Output SCD | |
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| Rational Transfer Function Identification | |
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| Discussions | |
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| SCD Estimation and Simulation | |
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| Estimating SCD from Data | |
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| Simulation Example | |
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| Discrete ARMA System Identification | |
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| Cyclostationary Channel Information | |
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| The Need for a Parametric Channel Model | |
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| A Parametric Identification Method for ARMA Channels | |
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| Basic Conditions | |
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| Identifying Poles and Zeros | |
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| Remarks | |
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| Non-Parametric Identification of ARMA Channels | |
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| Magnitude Identification | |
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| Phase Identification | |
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| Phase Distortion Analysis | |
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| Phase Unwrapping and a Combined Method | |
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| Simulation Results of Frequency Domain Methods | |
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| Phase Response Recovery Based on Partial Knowledge | |
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| Exploiting Known Phase Information | |
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| Simulation Results | |
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| Summary | |
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| Adaptive Multichannel Equalization | |
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| Multichannel Equalization | |
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| SIMO Equalizers | |
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| MIMO Equalizers | |
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| SIMO Constant Modulus Algorithm | |
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| Basic Properties | |
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| Uniqueness of Hyper-cone | |
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| Global Convergence of CMA-FSE | |
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| Initialization of CMA-FSE | |
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| Discussions | |
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| Simulation Results | |
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| SIMO Super-Exponential Algorithm | |
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| An Unwilling Approximation in TSE Implementation | |
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| Exact Implementation in FSE | |
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| Convergence Issues | |
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| Higher Order Statistical Realization of SEA | |
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| Simulation Results | |
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| General Convergence Properties of SIMO Equalizers (FSE) | |
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| Two Classes of Minima | |
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| Disappearance of LDM in FSE | |
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| Cost-Dependent Minima | |
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| MIMO CMA Equalizer | |
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| Linear Equalizability | |
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| CMA Signal Capturing | |
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| Global Convergence | |
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| MIMO Signal Recovery Example | |
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| Multiple Signal Equalization and Recovery | |
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| CMA Cost Modification | |
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| Global Convergence of Modified CMA MIMO Equalizers | |
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| Local Convergence | |
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| Simulation Example | |
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| Summary and Further Reading | |
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| Selected Topics in Multichannel Equalization | |
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| Deterministic Approaches to Blind Equalization | |
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| Direct Multichannel Blind Equalization | |
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| Direct Symbol Estimation | |
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| Deterministic Channel Equalization | |
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| Column Anchored Equalization | |
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| Input Statistical Information | |
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| Column Shifting | |
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| Fixed Delay Column Anchoring | |
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| Variable Delay Column Anchoring | |
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| Channel Noise Considerations | |
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| MMSE Equalization | |
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| Basic Assumptions and Matrix Properties | |
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| MMSE Blind Equalizers | |
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| Estimation of Cross-Correlation Vector | |
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| MMSE Blind Equalization for SIMO Systems | |
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| Simulation Examples | |
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| Summary and Further Reading | |
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| Scanning the Literature | |
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| Blind Channel Equalization and Symbol Estimation | |
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| Blind and Semi-blind Channel Identification | |
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| Applications in CDMA, OFDM, and Other Systems | |
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| Index | |