| |
| |
| |
Conflict and Resolution in Federal Budgeting | |
| |
| |
Conflict | |
| |
| |
Resolution | |
| |
| |
The Two Worlds of Budgeting | |
| |
| |
| |
The Evolution of Federal Budgeting: From Surplus to Deficit to Surplus | |
| |
| |
Legislative Dominance: 1789-1921 | |
| |
| |
Presidential Dominance: 1921-74 | |
| |
| |
Congress versus the President: 1974-2000 | |
| |
| |
How the Budget Was Balanced | |
| |
| |
Overview of the Annual Budget Cycle | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Budget's Shifting Boundaries | |
| |
| |
Receipts, Budgetary Resources, and Outlays | |
| |
| |
Scope of the Budget | |
| |
| |
Measuring the Budget | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Political Rules and Arithmetic of Budgeting | |
| |
| |
Budget Enforcement Rules | |
| |
| |
Discretionary and Direct Spending | |
| |
| |
The Politics of Budgetary Arithmetic | |
| |
| |
Baseline Projections | |
| |
| |
The Politics of Scoring | |
| |
| |
Economic Arithmetic | |
| |
| |
When Politics Meets Economics | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The President's Budget | |
| |
| |
Presidential Roles and Styles | |
| |
| |
Changes in Presidential Budgeting | |
| |
| |
Formulating the President's Budget | |
| |
| |
The Office of Management and Budget | |
| |
| |
The President's Budget in Congress | |
| |
| |
The Veto Power | |
| |
| |
Information in the President's Budget | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Congressional Budget Process | |
| |
| |
Why Congress Has a Budget Resolution | |
| |
| |
Structure and Content of the Budget Resolution | |
| |
| |
Formulating the Budget Resolution | |
| |
| |
Floor Action | |
| |
| |
Why the Resolution Is Rarely Adopted on Schedule | |
| |
| |
The Reconciliation Process | |
| |
| |
Enforcing Congressional Budget Decisions | |
| |
| |
Scoring and Scorekeeping | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Revenue Legislation | |
| |
| |
Revenue Legislation in Congress | |
| |
| |
PAYGO Rules | |
| |
| |
Impact of PAYGO on Congressional Behavior | |
| |
| |
Tax Expenditures | |
| |
| |
Rates versus Breaks: The 1980s versus the 1990s | |
| |
| |
Trends in Federal Revenue | |
| |
| |
Sources of Federal Revenue | |
| |
| |
Who Pays Federal Taxes? | |
| |
| |
User Charges | |
| |
| |
Offsetting Collections | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Authorizing Legislation | |
| |
| |
Types of Authorizing Legislation | |
| |
| |
Authorizing Legislation in Congress | |
| |
| |
The Relationship of Authorizations and Appropriations | |
| |
| |
Direct Spending Legislation | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Appropriations Process | |
| |
| |
Types of Appropriations Acts | |
| |
| |
Tradition and Change | |
| |
| |
The Appropriations Committees and Their Subcommittees | |
| |
| |
Procedures and Politics of Committee Action | |
| |
| |
Procedures and Politics of House and Senate Action | |
| |
| |
Supplemental and Continuing Appropriations | |
| |
| |
Structure and Content of Appropriations Measures | |
| |
| |
Legislation and Limitations in Appropriations Acts | |
| |
| |
Interpreting Appropriations Measures | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Managing Federal Expenditures | |
| |
| |
Spending Budget Resources | |
| |
| |
Managing Agency Finances | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Self-Correcting Budget Process | |
| |
| |
The Adequacy of Budget Controls | |
| |
| |
The Future of Self-Correction | |
| |
| |
Improving Self-Correction | |
| |
| |
Federal Budget--Related Internet Sites | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Index | |