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| Illustrations | |
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| Preface to the Ninth Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is History? | |
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| Then and Now, There and Here | |
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| The Physical Setting | |
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| Some Descriptive Geography | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Middle East Before Muhammad | |
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| Persia and Rome | |
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| The Arabs | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Prophet of Mecca | |
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| Muhammad's Early Life | |
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| The Emigration (Hijra) | |
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| Aisha bint Abi-Bakr | |
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| Assessment | |
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| What Is Islam? | |
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| Basic Beliefs | |
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| The Five Pillars of Islam | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Early Arab Conquests | |
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| The Succession Issue | |
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| The Initial Conquests | |
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| The Beginnings of Islamic Government | |
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| Dissension in the Umma | |
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| Changes in the Government of Islam | |
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| Mu'awiya ibn-abi-Sufyan | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The High Caliphate | |
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| Restoration of the Umayyad Order | |
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| The Downfall of the Umayyads | |
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| The Abbasid Caliphate | |
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| Mamun | |
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| The Decline of the Abbasids | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Shiites and Turks, Crusaders and Mongols | |
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| Shiite Islam in Power | |
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| The Turks | |
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| The Crusades | |
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| The Mongol Invasion | |
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| Hulegu Khan | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Islamic Civilization | |
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| The Rules and Laws of Islam | |
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| Development of Jurisprudence | |
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| Islamic Society | |
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| Intellectual and Cultural Life | |
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| Theology | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Ahmad ibn Hanbal | |
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| Firearms, Slaves, and Empires | |
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| The Mamluks | |
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| The Mongol Il-Khanids | |
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| Gunpowder Technology | |
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| The Ottoman Empire | |
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| Orhan | |
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| Persia under the Safavids | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| European Interests and Imperialism | |
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| Ottoman Weakness | |
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| The Koprulu Family of Viziers | |
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| The European Powers and the Eastern Question | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Egypt's Transformation | |
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| Westernization of the Ottoman Empire | |
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| Mustafa Reshid Pasha | |
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| Persia under the Qajars | |
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| Some Afterthoughts | |
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| The Rise of Nationalism | |
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| Egyptian Nationalism | |
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| Ahmad Urabi | |
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| Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism | |
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| Nationalism in Persia | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Roots of Arab Bitterness | |
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| Arab Nationalism | |
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| World War I | |
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| Faysal ibn al Husayn | |
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| The Postwar Peace Settlement | |
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| Conclusion and Summary | |
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| Modernizing Rulers in the Independent States | |
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| Turkey: Phoenix from the Ashes | |
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| Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) | |
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| From Persia to Iran | |
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| The Rise of Saudi Arabia | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Egypt and the Fertile Crescent under European Control | |
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| Egypt's Struggle for Independence | |
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| The Creation of New States in the Fertile Crescent | |
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| Phony Democracy and False Independence | |
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| World War II | |
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| King Faruq | |
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| Postwar Egypt | |
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| Egypt's Era of Political Frustration | |
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| Independence for Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Contest for Palestine | |
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| Origins | |
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| Prefatory Remarks | |
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| The Beginnings of Political Zionism | |
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| Britain and the Palestine Problem | |
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| Amin al-Husayni | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Israel's Rebirth and the Rise of Arab Nationalism | |
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| Israel's War for Independence | |
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| The War's Aftermath | |
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| The Arab Countries | |
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| Israel's Early Years | |
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| Middle Eastern Oil | |
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| David Ben-Gurion | |
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| The Great Powers and the Arab World | |
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| Rising Arab-Israeli Tensions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| War and the Quest for Peace | |
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| The June 1967 War | |
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| The Palestinians | |
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| Abortive Peace Efforts | |
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| Political Changes: 1967-1970 | |
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| Danger Signs in the Middle East | |
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| The October (Yom Kippur) War | |
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| The War's Aftermath | |
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| Lebanon: The Arena for a New Arab Struggle | |
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| The Road to Camp David | |
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| Anwar al-Sadat | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Reassertion of Islamic Power | |
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| Prefatory Remarks on Islam and Politics | |
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| The Iranian Revolution | |
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| Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini | |
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| The Struggle for Gulf Supremacy | |
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| The Retreat from Camp David | |
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| Western Policy Formation and Islamic Polity | |
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| The Gulf War and the Peace Process | |
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| The Gulf Crisis | |
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| Operation Desert Storm | |
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| The Palestinians: Their Struggle and an Elusive Peace | |
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| Yasir Arafat | |
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| Whither Islam? | |
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| The War on Terrorism | |
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| The Present in Historical Perspective | |
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| Survey of Terrorism | |
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| Osama bin Laden | |
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| The Iraq War | |
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| The Contest for Palestine (Redux) | |
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| A Parting Message | |
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| Chronology | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliographic Essay | |
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| Basic Statistics for Middle Eastern Countries | |
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| How Many Palestinians? | |
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| Index | |