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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Preface to the Third Edition | |
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| Preface to the Fourth Edition | |
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| A Note About Place Names and Transliteration | |
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| The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Eighteenth Century | |
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| The Rise and Expansion of Islam | |
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| The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Fifteenth Century | |
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| The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis | |
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| The Beginnings of the Era of Transformation | |
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| Forging a New Synthesis: The Pattern of Reforms, 1789-1849 | |
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| The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat | |
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| Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century | |
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| The Response of Islamic Society | |
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| The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists | |
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| World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order | |
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| The Struggle for Independence: The Interwar Era to the End of World War II | |
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| Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran | |
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| The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan from the Interwar Era to 1945 | |
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| The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia from the Interwar Era to 1945 | |
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| The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel | |
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| The Independent Middle East from the End of World War II to the 1970s | |
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| Democracy and Authoritarianism: Turkey and Iran | |
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| The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Egyptian Base | |
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| The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Radicalization of Arab Politics | |
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| Israel and the Palestinians from 1948 to the 1970s | |
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| A Time of Upheaval and Renewal: The Middle East from the 1970s to the 2000s | |
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| Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s | |
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| The Consolidation of Authoritarian Rule in Syria and Iraq: The Regimes of Hafiz al-Asad and Saddam Husayn | |
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| The Iranian Revolution and the Resurgence of Islam | |
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| The Arabian Peninsula in the Petroleum Era | |
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| Challenges to the Existing Order: The Palestinian Uprising and the 1991 Gulf War | |
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| A Peace so Near, a Peace so Far: Israeli-Palestinian Relations Since the 1991 Gulf War | |
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| Patterns of Continuity and Change Since the 1991 Gulf War | |
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| America's Troubled Moment in the Middle East | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Select Bibliography | |
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| Index | |