| |
| |
| |
Principles of Flight | |
| |
| |
Forces Acting on the Airplane in Flight | |
| |
| |
Lift | |
| |
| |
Gravity (Weight) | |
| |
| |
Thrust | |
| |
| |
Drag | |
| |
| |
Relationship Between Angle of Attack and Lift | |
| |
| |
Relationship of Thrust and Drag in Straight-and-Level Flight | |
| |
| |
Relationship Between Lift and Weight in Straight-and-Level Flight | |
| |
| |
Factors Affecting Lift and Drag | |
| |
| |
Effect of Wing Area on Lift and Drag | |
| |
| |
Effect of Airfoil Shape on Lift and Drag | |
| |
| |
Effect of Wing Design on Stall | |
| |
| |
Effect of Airspeed on Lift and Drag | |
| |
| |
Effect of Air Density on Lift and Drag | |
| |
| |
Turning Tendency (Torque Effect) | |
| |
| |
Reactive Force | |
| |
| |
Spiraling Slipstream | |
| |
| |
Gyroscopic Precession | |
| |
| |
"P" Factor or Asymmetric Propeller Loading | |
| |
| |
Corrections for Turning Tendency or Torque During Flight | |
| |
| |
Airplane Stability | |
| |
| |
Longitudinal Stability About the Lateral Axis | |
| |
| |
Longitudinal Control (Pitch) About the Lateral Axis | |
| |
| |
Lateral Stability About the Longitudinal Axis | |
| |
| |
Lateral Control (Roll) About the Longitudinal Axis | |
| |
| |
Lateral Stability or Instability in Turns | |
| |
| |
Directional Stability About the Vertical Axis (Yaw) | |
| |
| |
Directional Control About the Vertical Axis (Yaw) | |
| |
| |
Loads and Load Factors | |
| |
| |
Load Factors and Airplane Design | |
| |
| |
Effect of Turns on Load Factor | |
| |
| |
Effect of Load Factor on Stalling Speed | |
| |
| |
Effect of Speed on Load Factor | |
| |
| |
Effect of Flight Maneuvers on Load Factor | |
| |
| |
Effect of Turbulence on Load Factor | |
| |
| |
Determining Load Factors in Flight | |
| |
| |
Forces Acting on the Airplane When at Airspeeds Slower than Cruise | |
| |
| |
Forces in a Climb | |
| |
| |
Forces in a Glide | |
| |
| |
Turns During Flight | |
| |
| |
| |
Airplanes and Engines | |
| |
| |
Airplane Structure | |
| |
| |
Flight Control System | |
| |
| |
Wing Flaps | |
| |
| |
Landing Gear | |
| |
| |
Electrical System | |
| |
| |
Engine Operation | |
| |
| |
How an Engine Operates | |
| |
| |
Cooling System | |
| |
| |
Ignition System | |
| |
| |
Fuel System | |
| |
| |
Fuel Tanks, Selectors, and Strainers | |
| |
| |
Fuel Primer | |
| |
| |
Fuel Pressure Gauge | |
| |
| |
Induction, Carburetion, and Injection Systems | |
| |
| |
Mixture Control | |
| |
| |
Carburetor Icing | |
| |
| |
Carburetor Air Temperature Gauge | |
| |
| |
Outside Air Temperature Gauge (OAT) | |
| |
| |
Fuel Injection System | |
| |
| |
Proper Fuel is Essential | |
| |
| |
Fuel Contamination | |
| |
| |
Refueling Procedures | |
| |
| |
Oil System | |
| |
| |
Propeller | |
| |
| |
Fixed-Pitch Propeller | |
| |
| |
Controllable-Pitch Propellers | |
| |
| |
Starting the Engine | |
| |
| |
Engines Equipped with a Starter | |
| |
| |
Engines not Equipped with a Starter | |
| |
| |
Idling the Engine During Flight | |
| |
| |
Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) Gauge | |
| |
| |
Superchargers or Turbochargers | |
| |
| |
Aircraft Documents, Maintenance, and Inspections | |
| |
| |
Aircraft Owner Responsibilities | |
| |
| |
Certificate of Aircraft Registration | |
| |
| |
Airworthiness Certificate | |
| |
| |
Aircraft Maintenance | |
| |
| |
Inspections | |
| |
| |
Preventive Maintenance | |
| |
| |
Repairs and Alterations | |
| |
| |
Special Flight Permits | |
| |
| |
Airworthiness Directives | |
| |
| |
Preflight Inspection | |
| |
| |
Ground Runup and Functional Check | |
| |
| |
| |
Flight Instruments | |
| |
| |
The Pitot-Static System and Associated Instruments | |
| |
| |
The Altimeter | |
| |
| |
Types of Altitude | |
| |
| |
Vertical Speed Indicator | |
| |
| |
The Airspeed Indicator | |
| |
| |
Gyroscopic Flight Instruments | |
| |
| |
Sources of Power for Gyroscopic Operation | |
| |
| |
Gyroscopic Principles | |
| |
| |
Turn-and-Slip-Indicator | |
| |
| |
Turn Coordinator | |
| |
| |
The Heading Indicator | |
| |
| |
The Attitude Indicator | |
| |
| |
Magnetic Compass | |
| |
| |
Compass Errors | |
| |
| |
Using the Magnetic Compass | |
| |
| |
| |
Airplane Performance | |
| |
| |
Weight Control | |
| |
| |
Effects of Weight | |
| |
| |
Weight Changes | |
| |
| |
Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity | |
| |
| |
Effects of Adverse Balance | |
| |
| |
Management of Weight and Balance Control | |
| |
| |
Terms and Definitions | |
| |
| |
Aircraft Weight Nomenclature | |
| |
| |
Control of Loading--General Aviation Airplanes | |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of Weight and Balance Computations | |
| |
| |
Useful Load Check | |
| |
| |
Weight and Balance Restrictions | |
| |
| |
Light Single-Engine Airplane Loading Problems | |
| |
| |
Airplane Performance | |
| |
| |
Use of Performance Charts | |
| |
| |
| |
Weather | |
| |
| |
Weather Information for the Pilot | |
| |
| |
Services to the Pilot | |
| |
| |
Observations | |
| |
| |
Meteorological Centers and Forecast Offices | |
| |
| |
Service Outlets | |
| |
| |
Users | |
| |
| |
Nature of the Atmosphere | |
| |
| |
Oxygen and the Human Body | |
| |
| |
Significance of Atmospheric Pressure | |
| |
| |
Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure | |
| |
| |
Effect of Altitude on Atmospheric Pressure | |
| |
| |
Effect of Altitude on Flight | |
| |
| |
Effect of Differences in Air Density | |
| |
| |
Pressure Recorded in Millibars | |
| |
| |
Wind | |
| |
| |
The Cause of Atmospheric Circulation | |
| |
| |
Wind Patterns | |
| |
| |
Convection Currents | |
| |
| |
Effect of Obstructions on Wind | |
| |
| |
Low-Level Wind Shear | |
| |
| |
Wind and Pressure Representation on Surface Weather Maps | |
| |
| |
Moisture and Temperature | |
| |
| |
Relative Humidity | |
| |
| |
Temperature-Dewpoint Relationship | |
| |
| |
Methods by Which Air Reaches the Saturation Point | |
| |
| |
Effect of Temperature on Air Density | |
| |
| |
Effect of Temperature on Flight | |
| |
| |
Effect of High Humidity on Air Density | |
| |
| |
Effect of High Humidity on Flight | |
| |
| |
Dew and Frost | |
| |
| |
Fog | |
| |
| |
Clouds | |
| |
| |
Ceiling | |
| |
| |
Visibility | |
| |
| |
Precipitation | |
| |
| |
Air Masses and Fronts | |
| |
| |
Warm Front | |
| |
| |
Cold Front | |
| |
| |
Occluded Front | |
| |
| |
Aviation Weather Forecasts, Reports, and Weather Charts | |
| |
| |
Aviation Forecasts | |
| |
| |
Aviation Weather Reports | |
| |
| |
Surface Aviation Weather Reports | |
| |
| |
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPS) | |
| |
| |
Radar Weather Reports (RAREPS) | |
| |
| |
Weather Charts | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Calculations Using Navigational Computers or Electronic Calculators | |
| |
| |
Determining En Route Time for a Flight | |
| |
| |
Determining Groundspeed During Flight | |
| |
| |
Determining Total Flight Time Available | |
| |
| |
Determining Total Fuel to be Used on a Flight | |
| |
| |
Determining True Airspeed | |
| |
| |
Converting Knots to Miles Per Hour | |
| |
| |
Solution of a Wind Triangle Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
Navigation | |
| |
| |
Aeronautical Charts | |
| |
| |
Sectional Aeronautical Charts | |
| |
| |
Relief | |
| |
| |
Aeronautical Data | |
| |
| |
Airport and Air Navigation Lighting and Marking Aids | |
| |
| |
Meridians and Parallels | |
| |
| |
Measurement of Direction | |
| |
| |
Variation | |
| |
| |
Deviation | |
| |
| |
Basic Calculations | |
| |
| |
Effect of Wind | |
| |
| |
Calculating Time, Speed, Distance, and Fuel Consumption | |
| |
| |
Converting Minutes to Equivalent Hours | |
| |
| |
Converting Knots to Miles per Hour | |
| |
| |
Fuel Consumption | |
| |
| |
The Wind Triangle | |
| |
| |
Data for Return Trip | |
| |
| |
Radio Navigation | |
| |
| |
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) | |
| |
| |
Using the VOR | |
| |
| |
Tracking with Omni | |
| |
| |
Tips on Using the VOR | |
| |
| |
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) | |
| |
| |
Flight Planning | |
| |
| |
Assembling Necessary Materials | |
| |
| |
Weather Check | |
| |
| |
In-Flight Visibility and the VFR Pilot | |
| |
| |
Visibility vs. Time | |
| |
| |
How to Get a Briefing | |
| |
| |
Using the Aeronautical Chart | |
| |
| |
Use of the Airport/Facility Directory | |
| |
| |
Aircraft Flight Manual or Pilot's Operating Handbook | |
| |
| |
Using the Plotter, Computer, or Electronic Calculator, etc. | |
| |
| |
VFR Flight Plan | |
| |
| |
| |
Flight Information Publications | |
| |
| |
Flight Information Publication Policy | |
| |
| |
Aeronautical Information and the National Airspace System | |
| |
| |
Air Navigation Radio Aids | |
| |
| |
General | |
| |
| |
Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB) | |
| |
| |
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) | |
| |
| |
VOR Receiver Check | |
| |
| |
Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) | |
| |
| |
VHF Omnidirectional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) | |
| |
| |
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) | |
| |
| |
Class of NAVAIDS | |
| |
| |
Maintenance of FAA NAVAIDS | |
| |
| |
Navaids with Voice | |
| |
| |
VHF/UHF Direction Finder | |
| |
| |
Radar | |
| |
| |
Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) | |
| |
| |
Airport, Air Navigation Lighting and Marking Aids | |
| |
| |
Aeronautical (Light) Beacons | |
| |
| |
Rotating Beacon | |
| |
| |
Auxiliary Lights | |
| |
| |
Obstructions | |
| |
| |
Airway Beacons | |
| |
| |
Control of Lighting Systems | |
| |
| |
Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) | |
| |
| |
Tri-Color Visual Approach Slope Indicator | |
| |
| |
Markings | |
| |
| |
Airspace | |
| |
| |
Uncontrolled Airspace | |
| |
| |
Controlled Airspace | |
| |
| |
Special Use Airspace | |
| |
| |
Other Airspace Areas | |
| |
| |
Air Traffic Control | |
| |
| |
Services Available to Pilots | |
| |
| |
Airport Advisory Practices at Nontower Airports | |
| |
| |
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) | |
| |
| |
Radar Traffic Information Service | |
| |
| |
Terminal Control Area Operation | |
| |
| |
Radar Service for VFR Aircraft in Difficulty | |
| |
| |
Transponder Operation | |
| |
| |
Radio Communication | |
| |
| |
Phraseology and Techniques | |
| |
| |
Airport Operations | |
| |
| |
Tower-Controlled Airports | |
| |
| |
Nontower Airports | |
| |
| |
Light Signals | |
| |
| |
Communications | |
| |
| |
Departure Delays | |
| |
| |
Taxiing | |
| |
| |
Special VFR Clearances | |
| |
| |
Preflight | |
| |
| |
Flight Plan--VFR | |
| |
| |
Emergency Procedures | |
| |
| |
Emergency Locator Transmitters | |
| |
| |
Search and Rescue | |
| |
| |
Wake Turbulence | |
| |
| |
Medical Facts for Pilots | |
| |
| |
Good Operating Practices | |