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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The Study of Second Language Acquisition | |
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Definitions | |
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The Nature of Language | |
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Sound Systems | |
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Syntax | |
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Morphology and the Lexicon | |
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Semantics | |
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Pragmatics | |
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The Nature of Nonnative Speaker Knowledge | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Looking at Interlanguage Data | |
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Data Analysis | |
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Data Set I: Plurals | |
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Data Set II: Verb + -ing Markers | |
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Data Set III: Prepositions | |
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What Data Analysis Does Not Reveal | |
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Data Collection | |
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Data Elicitation | |
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Standardized Language Tests | |
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Tests From Psychology | |
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Language-Elicitation Measure | |
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Replication | |
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Issues in Data Analysis | |
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What Is Acquisition? | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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The Role of the Native Language: an Historical Overview | |
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An Historical Perspective | |
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Psychological Background | |
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Linguistic Background | |
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Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis | |
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Error Analysis | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Child Language Acquisition: First and Second | |
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Child First Language Acquisition | |
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Babbling | |
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Words | |
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Sounds and Pronunciation | |
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Syntax | |
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Morphology | |
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Theories of Learning | |
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Child Second Language Acquisition | |
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Child Second Language Morpheme Order Studies | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Recent Perspectives on the Role of Previously Known Languages | |
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Morpheme Order Studies | |
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Revised Perspectives on the Role of the Native Language | |
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Avoidance | |
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Differential Learning Rates | |
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Different Paths | |
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Overproduction | |
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Predictability/Selectivity | |
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Interlanguage Transfer | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Sla and Linguistics | |
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Language Universals | |
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Typological Universals | |
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Test Case I: The Accessibility Hierarchy | |
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Test Case II: The Acquisition of Questions | |
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Test Case III: Voiced/Voiceless Consonants | |
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Typological Universals: Conclusions | |
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Tense and Aspect | |
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The Aspect Hypothesis | |
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The Discourse Hypothesis | |
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Phonology | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Universal Grammar | |
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Universal Grammar | |
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Initial State | |
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UG Principles | |
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UG Parameters | |
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Falsification: UG and Typological Universals | |
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Transfer: The UG Perspective | |
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Levels of Representation | |
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Clustering | |
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Learnability | |
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Minimalist Program | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Looking at Interlanguage Processes | |
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The Competition Model | |
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The Monitor Model | |
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The Acquisition--Learning Hypothesis | |
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The Natural Order Hypothesis | |
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The Monitor Hypothesis | |
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The Input Hypothesis | |
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The Affective Filter Hypothesis | |
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Critiques of the Monitor Model | |
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The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis | |
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The Natural Order Hypothesis | |
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The Monitor Hypothesis | |
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The Input Hypothesis | |
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The Affective Filter Hypothesis | |
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Alternative Modes of Knowledge Representation | |
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The Nature of Knowledge | |
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The Nature of Learning | |
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Automaticity and Restructuring | |
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Connectionism | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Interlanguage in Context | |
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Variation | |
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Systematic Variation | |
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Linguistic Context | |
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Social Context Relating to the Native Language | |
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Social Context Relating to Interlocutor, Task Type, and Conversational Topic | |
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Communication Strategies | |
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Interlanguage Pragmatics | |
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Conclusion: SLA and Other Disciplines | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Input, Interaction, and Output | |
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Input | |
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Comprehension | |
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Interaction | |
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Output | |
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Hypothesis Testing | |
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Feedback | |
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Automaticity | |
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Meaning-Based to Grammatically Based Processing | |
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The Role of Input and Interaction in Language Learning | |
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Attention | |
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Contrast Theory | |
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Metalinguistic Awareness | |
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Limitations of Input | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Instructed Second Language Learning | |
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Classroom Language | |
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Input Processing | |
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Teachability/Learnability | |
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Focus on Form | |
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Timing | |
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Forms to Focus On | |
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Uniqueness of Instruction | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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Nonlanguage Influences | |
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Research Traditions | |
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Linguistics | |
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Psychology | |
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Psycholinguistics | |
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Social Distance | |
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Age Differences | |
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Aptitude | |
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Motivation | |
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Motivation Over the Long Term and the Short Term | |
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Motivations as a Function of Success | |
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Anxiety | |
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Locus of Control | |
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Personality Factors | |
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Extroversion and Introversion | |
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Risk Taking | |
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Field Independence | |
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Learning Strategies | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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The Lexicon | |
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The Significance of the Lexicon | |
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Lexical Knowledge | |
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Lexical Information | |
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Word Associations | |
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Incidental Vocabulary Learning | |
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Incremental Vocabulary Learning | |
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Memory Metaphors | |
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Lexical Skills | |
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Production | |
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Perception | |
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Word Formation | |
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Word Combinations, Collocations, and Phraseology | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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An Integrated View of Second Language Acquisition | |
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An Integration of Subareas | |
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Apperceived Input | |
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Comprehended Input | |
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Intake | |
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Integration | |
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Output | |
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Conclusion | |
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Points for Discussion | |
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References | |
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Glossary | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |