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| Introduction to Natural Language Understanding | |
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| The Study of Language | |
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| Applications of Natural Language Understanding | |
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| Evaluating Language Understanding Systems | |
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| The Different Levels of Language Analysis | |
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| Representations and Understanding | |
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| The Organization of Natural Language Understanding Systems | |
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| Linguistic Background: An Outline of English Syntax | |
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| Words | |
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| The Elements of Simple Noun Phrases | |
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| Verb Phrases and Simple Sentences | |
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| Noun Phrases Revisited | |
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| Adjective Phrases | |
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| Adverbial Phrases | |
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| Grammars and Parsing | |
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| Grammars and Sentence Structure | |
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| What Makes a Good Grammar | |
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| A Top-Down Parser | |
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| A Bottom-Up Chart Parser | |
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| Top-Down Chart Parsing | |
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| Finite State Models and Morphological Processing | |
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| Grammars and Logic Programming | |
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| Features and Augmented Grammars | |
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| Feature Systems and Augmented Grammars | |
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| Some Basic Feature Systems for English | |
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| Morphological Analysis and the Lexicon | |
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| A Simple Grammar Using Features | |
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| Parsing with Features | |
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| Augmented Transition Networks | |
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| Definite Clause Grammars | |
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| Generalized Feature Systems and Unification Grammars | |
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| Grammars for Natural Language | |
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| Auxiliary Verbs and Verb Phrases | |
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| Movement Phenomena in Language | |
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| Handling Questions in Context-Free Grammars | |
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| Noun Phrases and Relative Clauses | |
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| The Hold Mechanism in ATN | |
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| Gap Threading | |
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| Toward Efficient Parsing | |
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| Human Preferences in Parsing | |
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| Encoding Uncertainty: Shift-Reduce Parsers | |
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| A Deterministic Parser | |
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| Techniques for Efficient Encoding of Ambiguity | |
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| Partial Parsing | |
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| Ambiguity Resolution: Statistical Methods | |
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| Basic Probability Theory | |
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| Estimating Probabilities | |
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| Part-of-Speech Tagging | |
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| Obtaining Lexical Probabilities | |
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| Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars | |
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| Best-First Parsing | |
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| A Simple Context-Dependent Best-First Parser | |
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| Semantics and Logical Form | |
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| Semantics and Logical Form | |