Evidence into Practice Integrating Judgment, Values, and Research

Name: Evidence into Practice Integrating Judgment, Values, and Research
Price: 5.7 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780803618084

ISBN-10: 0803618085

ISBN-13: 9780803618084

Edition: 2013

Authors: Laurita Hack, Jan Gwyer

List price: $58.95

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Book details

List price: $58.95
Copyright year: 2013
Publisher: F. A. Davis Company
Publication date: 1/3/2013
Binding: Paperback
Pages: 368
Size: 6.75" wide x 9.75" long x 0.75" tall
Weight: 1.716
Language: English



Opening Words


Introduction


Approaches to Decision Making


Finding the Right Answer at the Right Time


Obligations of Care


Using This Book


Learning Tools Within the Chapters


Conclusion



Clinical Judgment



The Language of Practice


Introduction


Describing Our Patients


The Biopsychosocial Model


Development of Models for Enablement/Disablement


Expansion of the Nagi Model


International Classification of Functioning Model


Describing the Process and Outcomes of Our Care


The Guides Patient Care Management Model


Conclusion



How Physical Therapists Make Clinical Decisions


Introduction


The Context of Clinical Reasoning


First Things First: Is This My Patient?


Diagnostic Clinical Reasoning


Shoe On, Shoe Off- What Has Happened to Your Ankle?


Types of Diagnostic Decision Making


Patient Management Reasoning


Developing or Improving Clinical Reasoning Skills


Conclusion



Mistakes and Errors: When Clinical Decisions Go Wrong


Introduction


Describing Misses and Mistakes in Health Care


Creating a Taxonomy


Cognitive Errors in Physician Decision Making


Errors in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Practice


Errors and Error Prevention Across Patient/Client Care Management Model


Implications of Errors in Physical Therapy Practice


Decision Making Under Uncertainty


Expected Value of Alternatives


Concept of Probability


Conclusion



Biases in Clinical Reasoning: "Most of My Patients Are Helped by This Treatment"



Introduction


Biases in Decision Making


Confirmation Bias


Follow-up Bias for Patients You Treat


Spectrum Bias


Wishful Thinking or Value-induced Bias


Ease of Recall


Conclusion



Clinical Decision Making Tools


Introduction


Process Approaches to the Way We Think


Enablement/Disablement Models


Patient/Client Management Model


The Hypothesis-Oriented Algorithm for Clinicians


Content Approaches to What We Think


Guidelines


Options


Clinical Guidance


Conclusion



Understanding and Respecting Patient Values and Circumstances



Bridging the Differences of Diversity: Communicating in the Borderlands



Introduction


Context for Cross-Cultural Communication and the Therapeutic Alliance


Communication Skills as a Scaffold for the Therapeutic Alliance


Verbal and Nonverbal Communication


Miscommunication


Barriers to Communication


Building the Therapeutic Alliance


Bridging Differences: Communicating in the Borderlands


Conditions Supporting Cross-Cultural Communication


Working Within the Borderlands


Conclusion



The Patient Interview



Introduction


The Interview as a Diagnostic Instrument


Objectivity


Precision


Sensitivity and Specificity


Reliability


Skill


Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship


The Interview in Building a Therapeutic Relationship


Respect


Genuineness


Empathy


Nonverbal Communication


Kinesics


Paralanguage


Responding to Nonverbal Communication


Conclusion



Learning About Patients' Perspectives: Qualitative Research



Introduction


The Qualitative Research Paradigm


Perspectives in Qualitative Research


Phenomenology


Ethnography


Grounded Theory


Methods of Qualitative Data Collection


Observation


Interviews


Data Analysis and Interpretation


Trustworthiness and Generalizability


Sampling


Summary of Methods in Qualitative Research


Use of Qualitative Research in Evidence Based Practice


Clinical Decision Making That Fully Engages Patient Values and Circumstances


Learning About Patients' Values Through Qualitative Research


Qualitative Research and an Understanding of the Clinician's Willingness to Use Evidence in Practice


Role of Qualitative Research


Conclusion



The Health Care System and Patient Circumstances



Introduction


Overview of the Health Care System


Kissick's Model: The Iron Triangle of Health Care


Elements of the Health Care System


Impact of Rising Health Care Costs


Markets


Regulatory Infrastructure


Health Services Research


Patient Circumstances and Access to Care


Insurance Coverage


Geography


Socioeconomic Status


Race and Ethnicity


Update on Health Care Reform


Conclusion



Analyzing the Evidence in the Literature



Asking Clinical Questions


Introduction


Asking the Question


Structure of Clinical Questions


Choosing the Answers


Types of Evidence


Conclusion



Finding the Evidence



Introduction


Filtered Resources


PEDro


Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews


The National Guideline Clearinghouse


Unfiltered Resources


Medline/PubMed


CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)


Tutorials


The Search Strategy


Focus the Question


Select the Best Resource


Formulate the Search Strategy


Review the Results


Search Engines


Access to Resources


Resources Available From the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)


Managing the Evidence


Reference Management Software


Keeping Current With New Evidence


Blogs, Wikis, and RSS Feeds


Mobile Devices


Conclusion



Elements of Good Research Practice


Introduction


Research Design


Experimental Research Designs


Observational Research Designs


Determining Value in Studies of Clinical Intervention


Criteria for Evaluating Internal Research Validity


Did the Research Design Maximize the Prevention of Bias?


Did the Selection and Treatment of Subjects Avoid the Introduction of Bias?


Did the Selection and Methods of Interventions and Measurement of Outcomes Avoid the Introduction of Bias?


Evaluating External Validity


Evaluating Statistical Conclusion Validity


Evaluating Outcomes: Effect Size and Number Needed to Treat


Summary of Statistical Conclusion Validity


Determining Value in Studies of Diagnostic/Prognostic Accuracy


Did the Selection of Subjects Avoid the Introduction of Bias?


Did the Selection of Measures and Procedures Avoid the Introduction of Bias?


Were the Statistical Estimates Developed and Presented Without Bias or Error?


Other Statistics Found in Observational Research


Conclusion



The Individual Study as a Source of Evidence


Introduction


Studies


Studies Focused on Physical Therapy


Assessing Studies of Diagnostic/Prognostic Accuracy


Assessing Studies of Clinical Interventions


Conclusion



Synopses of Studies


Introduction


Synopses of Studies


Published Synopses That Apply to Physical Therapist Practice


Collections of Synopses Relevant to Physical Therapy


Creating Synopses


Appraisal Worksheets


Critically Appraised Topics


Conclusion



Synthesis of Studies Through Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses



Introduction


Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses


Finding Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses


Assessing the Quality of Reviews


Ten Questions to Help You Make Sense of Reviews


Synthesis Conclusion


Synopses of Syntheses


Conclusion



Summaries and Systems


Introduction


Summaries


Practice Guidelines


Clinical Decision/Prediction Rules


Systems


Quality of Decision Support Systems


Conclusion



Evidence Based Practice: Does It Work in Practice?



Translating Evidence Into Practice


Introduction


Dissemination of Innovation


Perceptions of Innovation


Dissemination in Physical Therapy


Dissemination of Evidence to Consumers


Practitioner Acceptance


Practitioners' Perspectives


Practitioners' Innovation Adoption Patterns


Organizational Characteristics


Additional Perspectives on Knowledge Translation


Conclusion



Documentation as Evidence



Introduction


The Health Care Record


Standards for Quality in Documentation


Barriers to Quality Documentation


Focus on Intervention


Payment Incentives


Lack of Standardized Terminology


Improving the Utility of Documentation as a Source of Evidence


Use of Electronic Record-Keeping Systems


Description of Actual Patient Outcomes


Quality Improvement Systems


Conclusion



Quality Improvement in Action



Introduction


Achieving Change in Performance


Reviewing Performance: A Continuous Quality Improvement Approach


Continuous Quality Improvement in Action


Conclusion


Closing Words


Introduction


Concerns About Adopting EBP


EBP Interferes With the Clinician's Decision Making


EBP Is Unethical


Evidence Is Not Always Based on Theory


EBP, Quality, and Costs


EBP in Use in Physical Therapy


What Does the Future Hold?


Conclusion


Appendix: The Case of Sam Ketterman