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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Citations | |
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| Introduction: Modern Problems and Historical Approaches | |
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| Origins | |
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| Villey, Ockham and the Origin of Individual Rights | |
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| Classical Roman Law | |
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| Individual Rights and Natural Law | |
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| Aquinas and the Canonists: Ius and Lex | |
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| Ockham's "Revolution" | |
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| Objections to Villey | |
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| Alternative Approaches | |
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| Origins of Natural Rights Language: Texts and Contexts, 1150-1250 | |
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| The Question of Origins | |
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| Sources of Modern Rights Language | |
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| Canonistic Rights Language--Contexts | |
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| Canonistic Rights Language--Texts | |
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| Need and Natural Right | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Rights and Duties: A Quaestio of Henry of Ghent | |
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| A Prisoner's Dilemma | |
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| Ownership of Self | |
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| Ockham and The Franciscans | |
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| The Beginning of the Dispute | |
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| From Francis to Ockham | |
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| Approaches to Ockham | |
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| Languages of Rights | |
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| Hervaeus Natalis. Ius and Potestas | |
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| Marsilius of Padua. Ius and Lex | |
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| William of Ockham. Ius Poli and Ius Fori | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Property, Natural Right, and the State of Nature | |
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| Problems of First Acquisition | |
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| Civilians, Canonists, and Theologians | |
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| Bonagratia of Bergamo and John XXII | |
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| Ockham on Property | |
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| William of Ockham. Rights and Some Problems of Political Thought | |
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| Origins of Jurisdiction | |
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| Varieties of Natural Law | |
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| Absolutism and Natural Rights | |
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| A Rights-Based Political Theory? | |
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| Postscript | |
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| From Gerson To Grotius | |
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| Gerson. Conciliarism, Corporatism, and Individualism | |
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| Individual and Community | |
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| Tuck on Gerson | |
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| Rights and Conciliarism | |
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| Rights and Reform | |
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| Ius and Dominium | |
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| Almain, Mair, Summenhart | |
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| Medieval Survivals | |
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| Mair, Rights and Needs | |
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| Summenhart. Varieties of Dominion | |
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| A New Age | |
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| Aristotle and the American Indians | |
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| Vitoria. Aquinas and Natural Rights | |
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| Vitoria. Rights and Indians | |
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| Las Casas. Indians and Rights | |
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| Rights, Community, and Sovereignty | |
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| Vitoria. Sovereignty and Divine Right | |
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| Suarez. Sovereignty and Natural Rights | |
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| Grotius. From Medieval to Modern | |
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| The Question of Modernity | |
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| Natural Law and Natural Rights | |
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| The Right to Property | |
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| Individuals, Society, and Sovereignty | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |