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| Editor's Preface | |
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| Author's Preface | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rome and Its Population | |
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| Christians In Rome | |
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| Paul's Situation: A Scenario | |
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| Romans: A Summary of the Content | |
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| The Purpose of Romans | |
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| Rhetorical Matters | |
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| Authorship, Place, and Date of Writing | |
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| The Integrity of Romans | |
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| The Influence of 'The New Perspective' | |
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| Theological Themes | |
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| Commentary | |
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| Letter Introduction, 1:1-17 | |
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| Greetings, 1:1-7 | |
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| Additional Note: Paul's Use of Credal Material in 1:3-4 | |
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| Additional Note: Paul's Apostleship | |
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| Paul's Prayer and Purpose for Writing, 1:8-17 | |
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| Additional Note: From Faith to Faith | |
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| Additional Note: The Righteousness of God | |
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| Exposition and Defense of the Gospel, 1:18-11:36 | |
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| Humanity under the Power of Sin and Exposed to Wrath, 1:18-3:20 | |
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| Primary Focus on the Sins of the Gentile World, 1:18-32 | |
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| Humanity's Rejection of the Revelation of God in Nature, 1:18-23 | |
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| Additional Note: The Wrath of God | |
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| Additional Note: Natural Theology | |
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| The Divine Reaction to Human Rejection, 1:24-32 | |
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| Additional Note: The Nature of the Homosexual Practice Condemned by Paul | |
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| Additional Note: Paul's Depiction of the Gentile World | |
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| Primary Focus on the Sins of the Jewish World, 2:1-3:20 | |
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| God Shows No Favoritism, 2:1-16 | |
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| Additional Note: The Use of Physei in 2:14 | |
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| Additional Note: Gentiles Who Do the Things Required by the Law | |
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| Additional Note: Conscience | |
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| Additional Note: Justification for the Doers | |
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| Having the Law and Circumcision Provides No Immunity, 2:17-29 | |
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| Bragging about the law while failing to obey it, 2:17-24 | |
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| True circumcision, 2:25-29 | |
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| God's Faithfulness Is Not Nullified by Jewish Unbelief, 3:1-20 | |
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| Five rhetorical questions, 3:1-9 | |
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| Additional Note: Life under Sin | |
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| Scriptural support, 3:10-18 | |
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| Additional Note: Paul's Use of Scripture in the Catena | |
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| Concluding statement, 3:19-20 | |
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| Additional Note: The Works of the Law | |
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| God's Saving Righteousness Revealed, 3:21-4:25 | |
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| The Righteousness of God Revealed, 3:21-31 | |
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| The Heart of the Gospel, 3:21-26 | |
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| Additional Note: Grace (Charis) | |
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| Additional Note: Hilasterion | |
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| Jewish Boasting Is Excluded, 3:27-31 | |
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| Additional Note: Nomos in 3:27 | |
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| Additional Note: Justification | |
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| God's Dealings with Abraham, 4:1-25 | |
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| God Justifies Abraham apart from Works, 4:1-8 | |
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| God Credits Righteousness to Abraham without Circumcision, 4:9-12 | |
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| God Makes Abraham the Inheritor of the World without the Law, 4:13-17a | |
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| The Essential Nature of Abraham's Faith, 4:17b-22 | |
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| The Relevance of God's Dealings with Abraham for All Believers, 4:23-25 | |
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| Justification Brings Freedom and Hope, 5:1-8:39 | |
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| Justified by Faith, 5:1-11 | |
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| The Benefits of Justification, 5:1-2 | |
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| Additional Note: The Glory in Store for Believers | |
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| Rejoicing Even in Suffering, 5:3-5 | |
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| God's Love Demonstrated in Christ's Death for Us, 5:6-11 | |
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| The Humanity-Wide Effects of the Actions of Adam and Christ, 5:12-21 | |
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| Additional Note: The Nature of Death That Entered the World through Sin | |
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| Additional Note: Adam's Sin in Jewish Literature | |
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| Freedom from Sin's Dominion, 6:1-23 | |
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| Dying and Rising with Christ, 6:1-14 | |
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| Additional Note: Baptism in the Pauline Corpus | |
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| Additional Note: Dying and Rising with Christ | |
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| Slaves of Christ, 6:15-23 | |
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| Additional Note: Eternal Life in the Pauline Corpus | |
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| Freedom from the Law, 7:1-25 | |
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| Freed from the Law to Bear Fruit for God, 7:1-6 | |
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| Sin, Not the Law, Is to Blame for the Human Predicament, 7:7-25 | |
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| Israel's historical encounter with the law, 7:7-13 | |
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| Israel's ongoing experience of living under the law, 7:14-20 | |
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| Paid's conclusions about Israel, sin, and the law, 7:21-25 | |
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| Additional Note: Classical Parallels regarding Moral Weakness | |
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| Additional Note: The Identity of the �I� in 7:7-25 | |
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| Life in the Spirit, 8:1-13 | |
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| The Spirit of Adoption, 8:14-17 | |
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| Present Suffering and Future Glory, 8:18-30 | |
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| The Groaning and Renewal of Creation, 8:19-22 | |
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| Additional Note: Creation's Bondage to Corruption and Liberation | |
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| The Groaning and Redemption of Believers, 8:23-25 | |
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| The Groaning of the Holy Spirit as He Intercedes for Believers, 8:26-27 | |
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| God Works All Things Together for Good for Those Who Love Him, 8:28-30 | |
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| The Emotive Climax - If God Be for Us, Who Can Be against Us? 8:31-39 | |
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| Additional Note: Hope in the Pauline Corpus | |
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| Israel and the Purposes of God, 9:1-11:36 | |
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| Paul's Concern for Israel and Her Privileges, 9:1-5 | |
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| Israel and God's Election, 9:6-29 | |
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| God's Word Has Not Failed, 9:6-13 | |
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| Is God Unjust? 9:14-18 | |
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| Why Does God Still Blame Us? 9:19-21 | |
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| God Has the Right to Exercise His Prerogative, 9:22-29 | |
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| Additional Note: Predestination in Romans - Corporate or Individual? | |
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| Jewish Responsibility for Failure to Embrace the Gospel, 9:30-10:21 | |
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| Why Israel Did Not Attain the Righteousness She Pursued, 9:30-10:4 | |
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| Additional Note: Zeal in Israel and in Paul | |
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| Additional Note: Telos Nomou | |
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| The Testimony of the Law to Faith, 10:5-13 | |
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| Additional Note: Paul's Use of the Old Testament in 10:6-8 | |
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| Additional Note: The Meaning of Salvation in Romans | |
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| Has Israel Not Heard? 10:14-21 | |
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| Has God Rejected Israel? 11:1-36 | |
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| The Significance of the Remnant, 11:1-10 | |
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| Israel Stumbled, but Her Fall Is Not Irrevocable, 11:11-36 | |
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| Israel's transgression means salvation for the Gentiles, 11:11-15 | |
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| Additional Note: Israel's Jealousy | |
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| The lump of dough and the olive tree, 11:16-24 | |
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| Additional Note: Paul's Olive Tree Analogy | |
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| The mystery: The final salvation of 'all Israel', 11:25-32 | |
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| Additional Note: 'All Israel Will Be Saved' | |
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| Additional Note: A Contradiction between 9:6-13 and 11:25-32? | |
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| Additional Note: A Special Way of Salvation for Israel (11:1-32)? | |
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| Doxology, 11:33-36 | |
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| The Ethical Outworking of the Gospel, 12:1-15:13 | |
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| The Basis of Paul's Ethical Appeal, 12:1-2 | |
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| The Believers' Relationships with Others, 12:3-21 | |
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| Using Different Gifts for the Benefit of the Christian Community, 12:3-8 | |
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| Enhancing Relationships within the Christian Community, 12:9-13 | |
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| Additional Note: Hospitality | |
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| Relationships without and within the Christian Community, 12:14-16 | |
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| Responding to Hostile People and Their Hostile Acts, 12:17-21 | |
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| Additional Note: The Relationship between Pauline Ethics and Stoic Teaching | |
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| Christians and the Roman Authorities, 13:1-7 | |
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| Love Fulfills the Law, 13:8-10 | |
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| Living in the Light of the Coming of the Day, 13:11-14 | |
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| Additional Note: Paul's Uses of the Clothing Metaphor | |
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| Instructions for the 'Weak' and the 'Strong': Accept One Another, 14:1-15:13 | |
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| Additional Note: The 'Weak' and the 'Strong' | |
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| Accept Those Who Are Weak in Faith, 14:1-12 | |
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| The Matter of Eating All Foods, 14:1-4 | |
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| Additional Note: Faith and Conscience | |
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| The Matter of Observing Special Days, 14:5-8 | |
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| We Will All Stand before God's Judgment Seat, 14:9-12 | |
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| No Passing Judgment and No Placing Stumbling Blocks, 14:13-23 | |
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| The 'Strong' to Bear the Failings of the 'Weak', 15:1-6 | |
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| Accept One Another, 15:7-13 | |
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| Paul's Ministry and Future Plans, 15:14-33 | |
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| Paul Affirms the Roman Believers and Explains the Nature of His Ministry, 15:14-16 | |
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| Paul's Pride in What Christ Has Wrought through Him, 15:17-21 | |
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| Paul's Long-Held Desire and Present Plan to Visit Rome en Route to Spain, 15:22-33 | |
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| Paul's Plan to Visit Rome en Route to Spain, 15:22-24 | |
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| Paul's Collection Visit to Jerusalem prior to His Trip to Rome, 15:25-29 | |
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| Paul's Appeal for the Roman Believers' Support in Prayer, 15:30-33 | |
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| Conclusion, 16:1-27 | |
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| Commendation of Phoebe, 16:1-2 | |
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| Greetings for Twenty-Six Named Individuals, 16:3-16 | |
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| Additional Note: Junia or Junias? | |
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| Additional Note: 'Well Known among', or 'Well Known to', the Apostles? | |
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| Additional Note: Kissing | |
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| Additional Note: The Twenty-Six Named individuals in Romans 16:3-15 | |
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| Warning, Exhortation, and Affirmation, 16:17-20 | |
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| Greetings from Eight of Paul's Associates, 16:21-23 | |
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| Additional Note: The Erastus of 16:23 and the Erastus of the Inscription | |
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| Concluding Doxology, 16:25-27 | |
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| Indexes | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Modern Authors | |
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| Scripture References | |
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| Extrabiblical Literature | |