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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Romans Debate: Narrowing the Options | |
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| The Integrity of the Letter | |
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| Radical Partition Theories | |
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| A Fourteen-Chapter Version of Romans | |
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| A Fifteen-Chapter Version of Romans | |
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| The Origin of the Roman Church | |
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| The Occasion and Purpose of Romans | |
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| A Summary of Paul's Theology | |
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| The Jerusalem Trip as the Purpose for Paul's Writing | |
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| Romans as Preparation for the Spanish Mission | |
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| Providing an Apostolic Foundation for a "Church," | |
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| Exercising Authority as Apostle to the Gentiles | |
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| The Lack of a Concrete Situation at Rome | |
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| An Apologetic Purpose | |
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| Separate Jewish Christian and Gentile Christian Assemblies Urged to Worship Together | |
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| The Tension Between the Strong and the Weak over Mosaic Customs in the Wake of the Edict of Claudius | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Ethnic Identity of the Roman Congregations: The Internal Evidence | |
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| An Exclusively Gentile Audience | |
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| The Letter Opening (Romans 1:1-7) | |
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| The Thanksgiving Section (Romans 1:8-15) | |
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| The Apostolic Parousia (Romans 15:15-16) | |
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| A Direct Address to the Audience (Romans 11:13) | |
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| Further Evidence of the Addressees as Gentiles (Romans 6:19; 13:11-14) | |
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| The Category of God-Fearer | |
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| Potential Evidence for Jewish Addressees | |
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| Knowledge of the Scriptures | |
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| Direct Address to the "Jew" (Romans 2:17-29) | |
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| The Listing of Jews in Romans 16;1-16 | |
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| Further Evidence for Jews in the Audience | |
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| The Weak of Romans 14:1-15:6 | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Former God-Fearers or Synagogue Subgroup? | |
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| The Compatibility of Romans 14:1-15:13 with Jewish-Christian Relations in Rome | |
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| The Credibility of Paul's Exhortations to Non-Christian Jews in Romans 14:1-15:13 | |
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| "Your Brother," a Reference to Non-Christian Jews | |
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| The Monotheistic Character of the Appeal to the" Weak" | |
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| Romans 14:22b-23 as Condemnation of the "Strong" for Eating in Doubt | |
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| Internal Consistency in Romans 1-11 | |
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| The Incompatibility of Paul's Approval of the "Weak" and Their Observance of the Law | |
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| "Weak" as Meaning "Stumbling" | |
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| The Analogy of Abraham, Not Weak in Faith (Romans 4:19-21) | |
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| Other Evidence That the Weak Are Non-Christ-Believing | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Claudius's Edict of Expulsion: The External Evidence | |
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| Suetonius: Chrestus/Christus? | |
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| The Date: 49 CE | |
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| The Expulsion of the Entire Jewish Population of Rome? | |
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| Dio Cassius versus Suetonius: Two Separate Actions | |
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| Christ-Believing God-Fearers Expelled? | |
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| Separate Christian Assemblies | |
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| Popular Anti-Judaism and the Evolving Roman Christian Community | |
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| Separation of Jews and Christians: Claudius to Nero | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reading Romans with the Encoded Audience: Romans 7:7-25 and Romans 11:25-26 | |
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| Romans 7:7-25: Resolving Perennial Conundrums | |
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| Romans 7:14-25 | |
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| Romans 7:7-12 | |
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| The Gentile God-Fearer's Experience of Life "under" the Law | |
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| Romans 11:25-26: New Emphases | |
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| "All Israel" as the Church: N. T. Wright | |
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| "All Israel" as the Jewish Remnant throughout History | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Indices | |
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| Index of Authors | |
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| Index of Subjects | |
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| Index of Primary Sources | |