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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: Modernity and Christianity | |
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| The Enlightenment and Modern Christianity | |
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| Autonomy | |
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| Reason | |
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| Nature | |
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| Melioristic Optimism | |
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| Progress | |
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| Toleration | |
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| The Religion of Reason | |
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| Lord Herbert of Cherbury | |
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| Rational Supernaturalism | |
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| John Tillotson | |
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| John Locke | |
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| Deism in England | |
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| John Toland | |
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| Matthew Tindal | |
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| Deism in France: Voltaire | |
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| The Religion of Reason in Germany | |
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| Christian Wolff and J. S. Semler | |
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| H. S. Reimarus | |
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| G. E. Lessing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Breakdown of the Religion of Reason | |
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| Jean Jacques Rousseau | |
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| Joseph Butler | |
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| David Hume | |
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| Of Miracles | |
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| The Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion | |
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| Immanuel Kant | |
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| The Critique of Rational Theology and Metaphysics | |
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| The Moral Foundation of Rational Faith | |
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| Rational Faith and Christianity | |
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| The Counter-Enlightenment | |
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| F. H. Jacobi | |
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| Johann Georg Hamann | |
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| Johann Gottfried Herder | |
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| Christianity and Romanticism: Protestant Thought | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Samuel Taylor Coleridge | |
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| Reason, Understanding, and Faith | |
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| Experience and the Interpretation of Scripture | |
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| Friedrich Schleiermacher | |
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| The Speeches on Religion | |
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| The Christian Religious Affections | |
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| Horace Bushnell | |
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| The Nature of Language | |
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| Doctrines and Creeds | |
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| Christian Comprehensiveness | |
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| Nature and the Supernatural: Religious Experience | |
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| Christian Nurture | |
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| Christianity and Speculative Idealism | |
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| G. W. F. Hegel | |
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| Hegel's Early Theological Writings | |
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| Hegel's Conception of Christianity | |
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| F. C. Bauer | |
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| A. E. Biedermann | |
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| British Hegelianism: John and Edward Caird | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Romanticism and French Catholic Thought: Traditionalism and Fideism | |
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| Francois Rene de Chateaubriand | |
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| Joseph de Maistre | |
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| Hughes-Felicite Robert de Lamennais | |
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| Lamennais and Traditionalism | |
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| Lamennais and Liberal Catholicism | |
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| Louis Bautain | |
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| Bautain's Philosophy of Faith | |
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| Romanticism and Anglo-Catholicism: The Oxford Movement | |
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| The Beginnings of the Anglo-Catholic Revival | |
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| The Thought of the Oxford Movement: Keble, Newman, Williams, and Pusey | |
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| The Authority of the Church | |
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| The Doctrine of Faith | |
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| The Sacramental Principle | |
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| Catholic Thought in Germany and England: The Tubingen School and John Henry Newman | |
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| The Catholic Tubingen School | |
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| Johann Sebastian von Drey | |
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| Johann Adam Mohler | |
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| English Roman Catholicism | |
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| John Henry Newman | |
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| The Post-Hegelian Critique of Christianity in Germany | |
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| David Friedrich Strauss | |
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| The Leben Jesu of 1835 | |
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| Ludwig Feuerbach | |
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| The Critique of Hegel | |
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| The Reduction of Christianity to Anthropology | |
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| Karl Marx | |
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| The Encounter Between Science and Theology: Biblical Criticism and Darwinism | |
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| Advances in the Study of the Bible | |
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| Essays and Reviews | |
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| The Essays of Williams and Goodwin | |
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| Jowett's "On the Interpretation of Scripture" | |
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| The Book's Reception | |
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| The Darwinian Controversy | |
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| The Situation before Darwin | |
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| Darwin's Theory | |
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| The Reception of Darwin's Theory | |
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| Christian Darwinism: Aubrey Moore | |
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| Anti-Darwinism: Charles Hodge | |
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| Christian Darwinisticism: Lyman Abbott | |
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| The Ritschlian Theology and Protestant Liberalism | |
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| Albrecht Ritschl | |
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| Ritschl's Practical View of Religion | |
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| The Theory of Value Judgments and the Historical Jesus Christ | |
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| The Person and Work of Christ | |
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| Wilhelm Herrmann | |
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| Science, Metaphysics, and Theology | |
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| Doctrine, Revelation, and Faith | |
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| History and the Inner Life of Jesus | |
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| Adolf von Harnack | |
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| The Historical Interpretation of Christianity | |
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| The Essence of Christianity | |
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| Walter Rauschenbusch | |
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| A Theology of the Social Gospel | |
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| Christianizing the Social Order | |
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| Movements of Recovery and Conservation: The Princeton Theology | |
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| Background | |
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| Charles Hodge | |
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| Theological Method | |
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| The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible | |
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| Christian Anthropology | |
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| Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield | |
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| The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible | |
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| Warfield's Critique of Liberal Theology | |
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| Movements of Recovery and Conservation: Ultramontanism and the Neo-Thomistic Revival | |
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| The Victory of Ultramontanism | |
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| The Historical Background | |
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| The Growth of Ultramontanism | |
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| The Debate over Papal Authority and Infallibility: Manning, Dollinger, and Kenrick | |
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| The First Vatican Council and Its Meaning | |
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| The Neo-Thomistic Revival | |
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| Beginnings | |
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| Thomistic Metaphysics | |
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| Desire Joseph Mercier | |
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| Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Roman Catholic Thought at the End of the Century: The New Apologetics and Modernism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The New Apologetics: Christian Philosophies of Action | |
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| Leon Olle-Laprune | |
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| Maurice Blondel | |
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| Lucien Laberthonniere | |
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| Roman Catholic Modernism | |
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| Alfred Loisy | |
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| George Tyrrell | |
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| Edouard Le Roy | |
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| The Outcome of Catholic Modernism | |
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| Kierkegaard and Nietzsche: Toward the Twentieth Century | |
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| Soren Kierkegaard | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Dialectic of Existence | |
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| Faith and the Absolute Paradox | |
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| Truth Is Subjectivity | |
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| Friedrich Nietzsche | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The "Death of God" and the Revaluation | |
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| Naturalism, the Will to Power, and Perspectivism | |
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| The Critique of Christianity | |
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| The Ubermensch and the Eternal Recurrence | |