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| Exhibits | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| How to Read a Government Budget | |
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| Why You Need to Understand Your Government Budget | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Reading and Understanding the Budget | |
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| Three types of budgets | |
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| Three types of funds | |
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| Elements of a budget document | |
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| Exercise: Reading the Annual Budget Document | |
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| Notes | |
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| Coping With the Budget Process | |
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| Preparing the Budget | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Budget Process | |
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| The phases of the budget cycle | |
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| The formal system | |
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| Agency needs: Building budgets rationally | |
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| External impacts on agency budgets | |
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| Exercise: Mastering the Budget Process | |
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| Homework | |
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| Role Play | |
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| Assessments | |
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| Options | |
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| Notes | |
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| Budgeting for Personal Services | |
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| Preparing an Agency Personnel Budget | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Preparing a Budget for Personal Services | |
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| Importance of personal services | |
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| Description of position types | |
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| Pay plans | |
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| Steps in developing a personal services budget | |
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| Exercise: Budgeting for Personnel | |
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| Notes | |
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| Budgeting for Operating Expenses and Capital Outlay | |
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| Budgeting Non-Personnel Expenses | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Budgeting for Expenses and Equipment | |
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| Budgeting for operating expenses | |
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| The incremental method | |
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| Analytic approaches | |
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| Unit cost calculations | |
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| Predetermined charges: internal service funds | |
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| Standard costs | |
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| Capital outlay | |
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| Some special considerations | |
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| Exercise: Budgeting Operating Expenses and Capital Outlay | |
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| Notes | |
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| Defending Budget Proposals | |
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| Defending Your Agency Budget | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Justification and Analysis of Agency Budgets | |
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| Strategies versus justification | |
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| Mandatory, base, and discretionary expenditures | |
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| Three perspectives of an agency's budget review | |
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| The central budget office's review | |
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| The chief executives review | |
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| The legislature's review | |
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| Exercise: Defending and Reviewing Budget Requests | |
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| Notes | |
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| Preparing Revenue Estimates | |
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| Revenue Estimation | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Estimating Revenues by Funds and Categories | |
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| Description of funds and major revenue | |
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| categories | |
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| Classification of funds | |
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| Major categories of revenue | |
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| Revenue estimating considerations | |
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| Revenue estimation models | |
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| Procedures for estimating revenues | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Exercise: Revenue Estimations | |
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| Notes | |
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| Understanding the Property Tax | |
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| Working with the Property Tax | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Property Tax | |
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| Step One-Assessment | |
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| Step Two-Exemptions and other reductions | |
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| Step Three-Calculations | |
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| Step Four-Collection | |
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| Three perspectives on the property tax | |
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| Exercise: Property Tax Calculations and | |
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| Communications | |
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| The Capital Budget Process | |
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| Capital Budgets | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Preparing Capital Budgets | |
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| Components of the capital budget | |
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| Advantages and disadvantages | |
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| Developing a capital budget | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Exercise: Capital Spending | |
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| Notes | |
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| How to Spend Your Budget Wisely | |
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| Budget Execution | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Plans, Management and Control in Budget Execution | |
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| The stages of budget execution | |
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| Spending money | |
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| Expenditure controls | |
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| Purchasing | |
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| Cash management | |
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| Accounting and auditing | |
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| Exercise: Budget Execution | |
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| Notes | |
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| Multi-Year Budgets | |
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| The Case for a Multi-Year Budget Perspective | |
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| How this chapter will be useful | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Multi-Year Forecasting and Planning | |
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| The benefits of looking ahead | |
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| Financial forecasts and gap analysis | |
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| Impact analysis of budgetary decisions | |
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| Multi-year planning for cyclical expenditures | |
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| The politics of multi-year forecasts | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Exercise: Multi-Year Forecasts | |
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| Notes | |