| |
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| Preface | |
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| Overview | |
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| Objectives of This Textbook | |
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| New to This Edition | |
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| Organization of This Textbook | |
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| For the Student | |
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| End-of-Chapter Exercises | |
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| For the Instructor | |
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| Instructor Resources CD-ROM | |
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| Online Content | |
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| Software Bundling Opportunities | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design | |
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| The Impact of Information Technology | |
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| The Future of IT | |
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| The Role of Systems Analysis and Design | |
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| Who Develops Information Systems? | |
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| Information System Components | |
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| Hardware | |
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| Software | |
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| Data | |
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| Processes | |
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| People | |
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| Understanding the Business | |
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| Business Profile | |
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| Business Models | |
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| New Kinds of Companies | |
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| Impact of the Internet | |
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| B2C (Business-to-Consumer) | |
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| B2B (Business-to-Business) | |
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| Web-Based System Development | |
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| How Business Uses Information Systems | |
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| Enterprise Computing Systems | |
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| Transaction Processing Systems | |
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| Business Support Systems | |
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| Knowledge Management Systems | |
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| User Productivity Systems | |
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| Information Systems Integration | |
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| Information System Users and Their Needs | |
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| Top Managers | |
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| Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers | |
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| Supervisors and Team Leaders | |
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| Operational Employees | |
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| Systems Development Tools and Techniques | |
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| Modeling | |
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| Prototyping | |
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| Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools | |
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| Systems Development Methods | |
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| Structured Analysis | |
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| Object-Oriented Analysis | |
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| Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development | |
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| Other Development Strategies | |
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| The Systems Development Life Cycle | |
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| Systems Planning | |
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| Systems Analysis | |
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| Systems Design | |
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| Systems Implementation | |
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| Systems Operation and Support | |
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| Systems Development Guidelines | |
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| Information Technology Department | |
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| Application Development | |
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| Systems Support | |
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| User Support | |
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| Database Administration | |
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| Network Administration | |
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| Web Support | |
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| The Systems Analyst Position | |
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| Responsibilities | |
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| Required Skills and Background | |
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| Certification | |
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| Career Opportunities | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
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| Background | |
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| |
| Organization | |
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| Systems Planning | |
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| Analyzing the Business Case | |
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| Strategic Planning--A Framework for IT Systems Development | |
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| Strategic Planning Overview | |
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| From Strategic Plans to Business Results | |
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| A Business Example | |
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| The Changing Role of the IT Department | |
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| The Future | |
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| Information Systems Projects | |
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| Reasons for Systems Projects | |
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| Factors that Affect Systems Projects | |
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| Internal Factors | |
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| External Factors | |
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| Project Management Tools | |
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| |
| Evaluation of Systems Requests | |
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| Systems Request Forms | |
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| Systems Review Committees | |
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| Overview of Feasibility | |
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| Operational Feasibility | |
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| Technical Feasibility | |
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| Economic Feasibility | |
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| Schedule Feasibility | |
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| Evaluating Feasibility | |
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| Setting Priorities | |
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| Factors that Affect Priority | |
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| Discretionary and Nondiscretionary Projects | |
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| Preliminary Investigation Overview | |
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| Interaction with Managers and Users | |
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| Planning the Preliminary Investigation | |
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| Understand the Problem or Opportunity | |
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| Define the Project Scope and Constraints | |
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| Perform Fact-Finding | |
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| Evaluate Feasibility | |
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| Estimate Project Development Time and Cost | |
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| |
| |
| Present Results and Recommendations to Management | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Request for Information Technology Services | |
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| Organization Charts | |
| |
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| Interviews | |
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| Current Documentation | |
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| Presentation to Management | |
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| Systems Analysis | |
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| Requirements Modeling | |
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| Systems Analysis Phase Overview | |
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| Systems Analysis Skills | |
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| Team-Oriented Methods and Techniques | |
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| Joint Application Development | |
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| User Involvement | |
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| JAD Participants and Roles | |
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| JAD Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Rapid Application Development | |
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| RAD Phases and Activities | |
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| RAD Objectives | |
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| RAD Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Modeling Tools and Techniques | |
| |
| |
| CASE Tools | |
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| |
| Functional Decomposition Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Unified Modeling Language | |
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| System Requirements Checklist | |
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| Outputs | |
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| Inputs | |
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| Processes | |
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| Performance | |
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| Controls | |
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| Future Growth, Costs, and Benefits | |
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| Scalability | |
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| Total Cost of Ownership | |
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| Fact-Finding | |
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| Overview | |
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| Who, What, Where, When, How, and Why? | |
| |
| |
| The Zachman Framework | |
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| |
| Interviews | |
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| |
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| Determine the People to Interview | |
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| |
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| Establish Objectives for the Interview | |
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| |
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| Develop Interview Questions | |
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| Prepare for the Interview | |
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| Conduct the Interview | |
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| Document the Interview | |
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| Evaluate the Interview | |
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| Unsuccessful Interviews | |
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| Other Fact-Finding Techniques | |
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| Document Review | |
| |
| |
| Observation | |
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| |
| Questionnaires and Surveys | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Research | |
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| |
| Interviews versus Questionnaires | |
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| |
| Documentation | |
| |
| |
| The Need for Recording the Facts | |
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| |
| Software Tools | |
| |
| |
| Preview of Enterprise Modeling | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Human Resources Department Interview | |
| |
| |
| Payroll Department Interview | |
| |
| |
| BIS Interview | |
| |
| |
| New Developments | |
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| |
| The Revised Project | |
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| |
| |
| Enterprise Modeling | |
| |
| |
| Enterprise Modeling Tools | |
| |
| |
| Entity-Relationship Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Drawing an Initial ERD | |
| |
| |
| Types of Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Data Flow Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| DFD Symbols | |
| |
| |
| Context Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Conventions for DFDs | |
| |
| |
| Diagram 0 | |
| |
| |
| Lower-Level Diagrams | |
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| |
| Strategies for Developing DFDs | |
| |
| |
| Data Dictionary | |
| |
| |
| Documenting the Data Elements | |
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| |
| Documenting the Data Flows | |
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| |
| Documenting the Data Stores | |
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| |
| Documenting the Processes | |
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| |
| Documenting the Entities | |
| |
| |
| Documenting the Records | |
| |
| |
| Data Dictionary Reports | |
| |
| |
| Process Description Tools | |
| |
| |
| Modular Design | |
| |
| |
| Structured English | |
| |
| |
| Decision Tables | |
| |
| |
| Decision Trees | |
| |
| |
| Logical Versus Physical Models | |
| |
| |
| Sequence of Models | |
| |
| |
| Four-Model Approach | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Entity-Relationship Diagram | |
| |
| |
| Data Flow Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Data Dictionary and Process Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Development Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Development Strategies Overview | |
| |
| |
| Web-Based Software Trends | |
| |
| |
| Software as a Service | |
| |
| |
| The Changing Software Marketplace | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of the Internet on Systems Development | |
| |
| |
| Software Outsourcing Options | |
| |
| |
| The Growth of Outsourcing | |
| |
| |
| Outsourcing Fees | |
| |
| |
| Outsourcing Issues and Concerns | |
| |
| |
| In-House Software Development Options | |
| |
| |
| Make or Buy Decision | |
| |
| |
| Developing Software In-House | |
| |
| |
| Purchasing a Software Package | |
| |
| |
| Customizing a Software Package | |
| |
| |
| Creating User Applications | |
| |
| |
| Role of the Systems Analyst | |
| |
| |
| Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Financial Analysis Tools | |
| |
| |
| Cost-Benefit Analysis Checklist | |
| |
| |
| A Software Acquisition Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluate the Information System Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identify Potential Vendors or Outsourcing Options | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluate the Alternatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Perform Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prepare a Recommendation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implement the Solution | |
| |
| |
| Completion of Systems Analysis Tasks | |
| |
| |
| System Requirements Document | |
| |
| |
| Presentation to Management | |
| |
| |
| The Transition to Systems Design | |
| |
| |
| Preparing for Systems Design Tasks | |
| |
| |
| The Relationship between Logical and Physical Design | |
| |
| |
| Systems Design Guidelines | |
| |
| |
| Systems Design Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Design Trade-Offs | |
| |
| |
| Prototyping | |
| |
| |
| Prototyping Methods | |
| |
| |
| Prototyping Tools | |
| |
| |
| Limitations of Prototypes | |
| |
| |
| Other Modeling Tools | |
| |
| |
| Using Codes During System Design | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Codes | |
| |
| |
| Types of Codes | |
| |
| |
| Developing a Code | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Design | |
| |
| |
| Data Design Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Data Structures | |
| |
| |
| Overview of File Processing | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Database Systems | |
| |
| |
| Database Tradeoffs | |
| |
| |
| DBMS Components | |
| |
| |
| Interfaces for Users, Database Administrators, and Related Systems | |
| |
| |
| Data Manipulation Language | |
| |
| |
| Schema | |
| |
| |
| Physical Data Repository | |
| |
| |
| Web-Based Database Design | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Web-Based Design | |
| |
| |
| Internet Terminology | |
| |
| |
| Connecting a Database to the Web | |
| |
| |
| Data Security | |
| |
| |
| Data Design Terminology | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Key Fields | |
| |
| |
| Referential Integrity | |
| |
| |
| Data Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Entity-Relationship Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Cardinality | |
| |
| |
| Normalization | |
| |
| |
| Standard Notation Format | |
| |
| |
| Repeating Groups and Unnormalized Designs | |
| |
| |
| First Normal Form | |
| |
| |
| Second Normal Form | |
| |
| |
| Third Normal Form | |
| |
| |
| A Normalization Example | |
| |
| |
| Steps in Database Design | |
| |
| |
| Database Models | |
| |
| |
| Hierarchical and Network Databases | |
| |
| |
| Relational Databases | |
| |
| |
| Object-Oriented Databases | |
| |
| |
| Data Storage | |
| |
| |
| Data Warehousing | |
| |
| |
| Data Mining | |
| |
| |
| Logical and Physical Storage | |
| |
| |
| Data Storage Formats | |
| |
| |
| Selecting a Data Storage Format | |
| |
| |
| Data Fields | |
| |
| |
| Data Control | |
| |
| |
| Softwear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| User Interface, Input, and Output Design | |
| |
| |
| User Interface Design | |
| |
| |
| Evolution of the User Interface | |
| |
| |
| Human-Computer Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles of User-Centered Design | |
| |
| |
| Guidelines for User Interface Design | |
| |
| |
| User Interface Controls | |
| |
| |
| Input Design | |
| |
| |
| Input and Data Entry Methods | |
| |
| |
| Input Volume | |
| |
| |
| Designing Data Entry Screens | |
| |
| |
| Input Errors | |
| |
| |
| Source Documents | |
| |
| |
| Input Control | |
| |
| |
| Output Design Issues | |
| |
| |
| Types of Output | |
| |
| |
| Printed Output | |
| |
| |
| Types of Reports | |
| |
| |
| User Involvement in Report Design | |
| |
| |
| Report Design Principles | |
| |
| |
| Report Design Example | |
| |
| |
| Other Design Issues | |
| |
| |
| Designing Character-Based Reports | |
| |
| |
| Printing Volume and Time Requirements | |
| |
| |
| Output Control and Security | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Architecture | |
| |
| |
| System Architecture Checklist | |
| |
| |
| Enterprise Resource Planning | |
| |
| |
| Initial Cost and TCO | |
| |
| |
| Scalability | |
| |
| |
| Web Integration | |
| |
| |
| Legacy System Interface Requirements | |
| |
| |
| System Security | |
| |
| |
| Processing Options | |
| |
| |
| Planning the Architecture | |
| |
| |
| Servers | |
| |
| |
| Clients | |
| |
| |
| Client/Server Architecture | |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Client/Server Design Styles | |
| |
| |
| Types of Clients: Fat and Thin | |
| |
| |
| Client/Server Tiers | |
| |
| |
| Middleware | |
| |
| |
| Cost-Benefit Issues | |
| |
| |
| Client/Server Performance Issues | |
| |
| |
| Impact of the Internet | |
| |
| |
| E-Commerce Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Industry Experience and Trends | |
| |
| |
| Processing Methods | |
| |
| |
| Online Processing | |
| |
| |
| Batch Processing | |
| |
| |
| Combined Online and Batch Processing | |
| |
| |
| Network Models | |
| |
| |
| The OSI Reference Model | |
| |
| |
| Network Modeling Tools | |
| |
| |
| Network Topology | |
| |
| |
| Network Protocols | |
| |
| |
| Licensing Issues | |
| |
| |
| System Management and Support | |
| |
| |
| Performance Management | |
| |
| |
| System Security | |
| |
| |
| Fault Management, Backup, and Disaster Recovery | |
| |
| |
| Systems Design Completion | |
| |
| |
| System Design Specification | |
| |
| |
| User Approval | |
| |
| |
| Presentations | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| System Architecture | |
| |
| |
| Planning the System | |
| |
| |
| Security | |
| |
| |
| Creating the Database Objects | |
| |
| |
| Planning the User Interface | |
| |
| |
| Using Visual Basic and Macros | |
| |
| |
| Completing the Systems Design Phase | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Software Quality Assurance | |
| |
| |
| Software Engineering | |
| |
| |
| International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | |
| |
| |
| Application Development | |
| |
| |
| Documentation Review | |
| |
| |
| Program Design | |
| |
| |
| Structure Charts | |
| |
| |
| Cohesion and Coupling | |
| |
| |
| Structure Chart Examples | |
| |
| |
| Steps in Drawing a Structure Chart | |
| |
| |
| Other Application Development Tools | |
| |
| |
| Coding | |
| |
| |
| Programming Environments | |
| |
| |
| Generating Code | |
| |
| |
| Testing the System | |
| |
| |
| Unit Testing | |
| |
| |
| Integration Testing | |
| |
| |
| System Testing | |
| |
| |
| Documentation | |
| |
| |
| Program Documentation | |
| |
| |
| System Documentation | |
| |
| |
| Operations Documentation | |
| |
| |
| User Documentation | |
| |
| |
| Management Approval | |
| |
| |
| System Installation and Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Operational and Test Environments | |
| |
| |
| Training | |
| |
| |
| Training Plan | |
| |
| |
| Vendor Training | |
| |
| |
| Outside Training Resources | |
| |
| |
| In-House Training | |
| |
| |
| Data Conversion | |
| |
| |
| Data Conversion Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Data Conversion Security and Controls | |
| |
| |
| System Changeover | |
| |
| |
| Direct Cutover | |
| |
| |
| Parallel Operation | |
| |
| |
| Pilot Operation | |
| |
| |
| Phased Operation | |
| |
| |
| Post-Implementation Tasks | |
| |
| |
| Post-Implementation Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Final Report to Management | |
| |
| |
| Softwear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Mainframe Interface | |
| |
| |
| ESIP Server | |
| |
| |
| Completing Application Development | |
| |
| |
| Installation of the ESIP System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Operation and Support | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systems Operation and Support | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Systems Support and Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| User Support Activities | |
| |
| |
| User Training | |
| |
| |
| Help Desks | |
| |
| |
| Maintenance Activities | |
| |
| |
| Corrective Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| Perfective Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| Preventive Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| Managing Systems Operation and Support | |
| |
| |
| Maintenance Team | |
| |
| |
| Managing Maintenance Requests | |
| |
| |
| Establishing Priorities | |
| |
| |
| Configuration Management | |
| |
| |
| Maintenance Releases | |
| |
| |
| Version Control | |
| |
| |
| Baselines | |
| |
| |
| Managing System Performance | |
| |
| |
| Performance and Workload Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Capacity Planning | |
| |
| |
| System Maintenance Tools | |
| |
| |
| System Obsolescence | |
| |
| |
| Facing the Future: Challenges and Opportunities | |
| |
| |
| Predictions | |
| |
| |
| Strategic Planning for IT Professionals | |
| |
| |
| IT Credentials and Certification | |
| |
| |
| A Microsoft Certification Example | |
| |
| |
| SoftWear, Limited | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| Systems Analysis and Design Toolkits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Communication Tools | |
| |
| |
| Guidelines For Successful Communications | |
| |
| |
| Written Communications | |
| |
| |
| Writing Style and Readability | |
| |
| |
| E-Mail, Memos, and Letters | |
| |
| |
| Reports | |
| |
| |
| Oral Communications | |
| |
| |
| Define the Audience | |
| |
| |
| Define the Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Organize the Presentation | |
| |
| |
| Define Any Technical Terms | |
| |
| |
| Prepare Presentation Aids | |
| |
| |
| Practice | |
| |
| |
| The Presentation | |
| |
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| CASE Tools | |
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| Overview of CASE Tools | |
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| CASE Tools History | |
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| The Marketplace for CASE Tools | |
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| CASE Terms and Concepts | |
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| Repository | |
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| Individual Tools | |
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| Integrated Development Environments | |
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| Examples of Integrated Development Environments | |
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| Pros and Cons of Integrated Development Tools | |
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| CASE Tool Examples | |
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| Visible Analyst | |
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| System Architect | |
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| Rational Software | |
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| Future Trends | |
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| New Developments | |
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| The Emerging Role of Object-Oriented Analysis and Design | |
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| Financial Analysis Tools | |
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| Describing Costs and Benefits | |
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| Cost Classifications | |
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| Managing Information Systems Costs and Charges | |
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| Benefit Classifications | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
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| Payback Analysis | |
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| Using a Spreadsheet to Compute Payback Analysis | |
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| Return on Investment Analysis | |
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| Using a Spreadsheet to Compute ROI | |
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| Present Value Analysis | |
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| Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate Present Value | |
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| Project Management Tools | |
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| Project Management | |
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| Project Management Overview | |
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| Management Functions | |
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| Project Planning | |
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| Project Estimating | |
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| Developing Time and Cost Estimates | |
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| Project Scheduling | |
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| Gantt Charts | |
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| PERT/CPM | |
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| Overview of PERT/CPM | |
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| PERT/CPM Chart Format | |
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| Task Patterns | |
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| Complex Task Patterns | |
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| A PERT/CPM Example with Five Tasks | |
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| Critical Path | |
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| Transforming a Task List into a PERT/CPM Chart | |
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| Estimating Task Duration | |
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| Comparing Gantt Charts and PERT/CPM | |
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| Project Monitoring and Controlling | |
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| Project Monitoring and Control | |
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| Project Scheduling | |
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| Project Reporting | |
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| Project Status Meetings | |
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| Project Status Reports | |
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| Project Management Software | |
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| Project Management Example Using Microsoft Project | |
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| Software Change Control | |
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| Keys to Project Success | |
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| Business Issues | |
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| Budget Issues | |
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| Schedule Issues | |
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| Successful Project Management | |
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| Object-Oriented Tools | |
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| Object-Oriented Terms and Concepts | |
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| Overview of O-O Analysis | |
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| Objects | |
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| Attributes | |
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| Methods | |
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| Messages | |
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| Classes | |
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| Relationships Among Objects and Classes | |
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| Object Relationship Diagram | |
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| Object Modeling with the Unified Modeling Language | |
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| Use Case Modeling | |
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| Use Case Diagrams | |
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| Class Diagrams | |
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| Sequence Diagrams | |
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| State Transistion Diagrams | |
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| Activity Diagrams | |
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| CASE Tools | |
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| Organizing the Object Model | |
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| Internet Resource Tools | |
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| Overview | |
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| Some Characteristics of the Internet | |
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| Summary of Internet Resources and Tools | |
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| Formulating an Internet Research Strategy | |
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| Evaluate Your Information Requirement | |
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| Match Your Information Requirement to the Proper Tool | |
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| Assess the Quality of the Results | |
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| Download the Results and Perform a Virus Scan | |
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| Search Engines | |
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| Search Engine Basics | |
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| Search Techniques | |
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| Advanced Search Techniques | |
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| A Search Checklist | |
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| Subject Directories | |
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| A Subject Directory Example | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Subject Directories | |
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| The Invisible Web | |
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| Invisible Web Examples | |
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| Navigation Tools for the Invisible Web | |
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| Internet Communication Resources | |
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| Newsgroups | |
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| Newsletters | |
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| Mailing Lists | |
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| Web-Based Discussion Groups | |
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| Chat Rooms | |
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| Instant Messaging | |
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| Information Technology Community Resources | |
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| Corporate Resources | |
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| Government Resources | |
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| Professional Resources | |
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| Online Learning Resources | |