| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Overview | |
| |
| |
| Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Development | |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Cell Microstructure | |
| |
| |
| Whole Skeletal Muscle Structure | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Physiology | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Overview | |
| |
| |
| Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Fiber Activation | |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Fiber Types and Motor Units | |
| |
| |
| The Motor Unit | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Production of Movement | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Overview | |
| |
| |
| Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Muscle-Tendon Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Joint Moments | |
| |
| |
| Muscle-Joint Interaction during Isometric Torque Production | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Range of Motion | |
| |
| |
| Isokinetic Dynamometers Used in Physical Assessment | |
| |
| |
| The Gait Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Biomechanics of Biarticular Muscles | |
| |
| |
| Gait Cycle Timing at Increased Velocities | |
| |
| |
| Energy Expenditure during Gait | |
| |
| |
| Muscles as Springs | |
| |
| |
| Direct Force and Length Measurements during Locomotion | |
| |
| |
| Implications for Physical Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Increased Use | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Overview | |
| |
| |
| Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Chronic Electrical Stimulation | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Chronic Stretch | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Compensatory Hypertrophy | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Intermittent Electrical Stimulation | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Exercise | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Decreased Use | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Overview | |
| |
| |
| Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Immobilization | |
| |
| |
| Remobilization after Immobilization | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Spinal Cord Transection | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Hindlimb Unloading | |
| |
| |
| Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Atrophy | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Aging | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Tenotomy | |
| |
| |
| Adaptation to Denervation | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Fiber Specificity to Reinnervation | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Response to Injury | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Overview | |
| |
| |
| Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Causes of Muscle Regeneration | |
| |
| |
| Morphology of the Degeneration-Regeneration Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Properties after Regeneration | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Application to Muscular Dystrophy | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Response to Exercise-Induced Injury | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Spasticity | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Overview | |
| |
| |
| Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Skeletal Muscle Spasticity | |
| |
| |
| Is Spasticity Increased Use or Decreased Use? | |
| |
| |
| Fiber-Type and Fiber Size Changes with Spasticity | |
| |
| |
| Biomechanical Studies of Spastic Limbs | |
| |
| |
| Muscle Fiber Length in Spastic Muscle | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Changes in Spastic Muscle Tissue | |
| |
| |
| Summary and Future Directions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |