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Introduction | |
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Scope of Pharmaceutical Calculations | |
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Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Calculations | |
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Numbers and Numerals | |
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Kinds of Numbers | |
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Arabic Numerals | |
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Roman Numerals | |
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Common and Decimal Fractions | |
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Percent | |
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Exponential Notation | |
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Ratio, Proportion, and Variation | |
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Dimensional Analysis | |
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Significant Figures | |
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Estimation | |
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International System of Units | |
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Guidelines for the Correct Use of the SI | |
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Special Considerations of the SI in Pharmacy | |
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Measure of Length | |
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Measure of Volume | |
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Measure of Weight | |
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Fundamental Computations | |
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Relation of the SI to Other Systems of Measurement | |
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Pharmaceutical Measurement | |
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Measurement of Volume | |
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Measurement of Weight | |
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Aliquot Method of Weighing and Measuring | |
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Least Weighable Quantity Method of Weighing | |
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Percentage of Error | |
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Interpretation of Prescriptions and Medication Orders | |
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Range of Prescription and Medication Order Calculations | |
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Prescription and Medication Order Accuracy | |
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Use of Abbreviations and Symbols | |
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Medication Scheduling and Patient Compliance | |
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Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Volume | |
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Density | |
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Specific Gravity | |
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Density Versus Specific Gravity | |
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Calculating the Specific Gravity of Liquids | |
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Use of Specific Gravity in Calculations of Weight and Volume | |
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Special Considerations of Specific Gravity | |
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Calculating Specific Volume | |
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Percentage, Ratio Strength, and Other Expressions of Concentration | |
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Percentage | |
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Percentage Preparations | |
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Special Considerations in Percentage Calculations | |
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Percentage Weight-in-Volume | |
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Percentage Volume-in-Volume | |
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Percentage Weight-in-Weight | |
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Use of Percent in Compendial Standards | |
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Ratio Strength | |
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Simple Conversions of Concentration to "mg/mL" | |
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Milligrams Percent | |
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Parts Per Million (PPM) and Parts Per Billion (PPB) | |
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Calculation of Doses: General Considerations | |
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Dose Definitions | |
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Routes of Drug/Dose Administration and Dosage Forms | |
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Dose Measurement | |
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General Dose Calculations | |
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Dosing Options | |
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Calculation of Doses: Patient Parameters | |
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Pediatric Patients | |
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Geriatric Patients | |
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Dosage Forms Applicable to Pediatric and Geriatric Patients | |
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Drug Dosage Based on Age | |
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Drug Dosage Based on Body Weight | |
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Drug Dosage Based on Body Surface Area | |
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Special Dosing Considerations in Cancer Chemotherapy | |
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Some Calculations Involving "Units," "[mu]g/mg," and Other Measures of Potency | |
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Selected Clinical Calculations | |
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Heparin-Dosing Calculations | |
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Dosage Calculations Based on Creatinine Clearance | |
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Clinical Laboratory Tests | |
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Isotonic and Buffer Solutions | |
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Special Clinical Considerations of Tonicity | |
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Physical/Chemical Considerations in the Preparation of Isotonic Solutions | |
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Buffers and Buffer Solutions | |
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Electrolyte Solutions: Milliequivalents, Millimoles, and Milliosmoles | |
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Milliequivalents | |
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Millimoles | |
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Osmolarity | |
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Clinical Considerations of Water and Electrolyte Balance | |
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Intravenous Infusions, Parenteral Admixtures, and Rate-of-Flow Calculations | |
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Intravenous Infusions | |
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Intravenous Push (IVP) Drug Administration | |
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Special Considerations in Pediatric IV Infusion Delivery | |
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Intravenous Admixtures | |
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Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids | |
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Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition, Body Mass Index, and the Food Nutrition Label | |
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Enteral Nutrition | |
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Parenteral Nutrition | |
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Nutritional Requirements | |
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Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Calculations | |
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Body Mass Index (BMI) | |
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The Nutrition Label | |
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Dilution, Concentration, and Alligation | |
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Special Considerations of Dilution and Concentration in Pharmaceutical Compounding | |
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Relationship Between Strength and Total Quantity | |
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Dilution and Concentration of Liquids | |
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Stock Solutions | |
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Dilution of Alcohol | |
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Dilution of Acids | |
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Dilution and Concentration of Solids and Semisolids | |
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Triturations | |
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Alligation | |
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Specific Gravity of Mixtures | |
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Reducing and Enlarging Formulas | |
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Formulas That Specify Proportional Parts | |
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Selected Calculations in Contemporary Compounding | |
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General Considerations in Compounding Practice | |
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Constitution of Dry Powders | |
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Use of Prefabricated Dosage Forms in Compounding | |
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Special Calculations: Capsule Filling and Suppository Molding | |
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Compounding Specialized Formulas | |
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Selected Calculations Involving Veterinary Pharmaceuticals | |
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Special Considerations in Compounding Veterinary Pharmaceuticals | |
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Selected Calculations Associated with Plant Extractives | |
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Extracts, Fluidextracts, and Tinctures | |
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Botanic Dietary Supplements | |
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Calculation of Active Drug Moiety | |
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Atomic and Molecular Weights | |
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Chemically Equivalent Quantities | |
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Active Drug Moiety Equivalence | |
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Selected Calculations Involving Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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Radioisotopes | |
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Radioactivity | |
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Units of Radioactivity | |
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Selected Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Calculations | |
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Drug Availability From Dosage Forms and Delivery Systems | |
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Introductory Concepts and Calculations Involved in Pharmacokinetics | |
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Selected Pharmacoeconomic Calculations | |
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Pharmacoeconomic Methods of Analysis | |
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Cost Considerations of Drug and Drug Product Selection | |
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Drug Acquisition Costs | |
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Markup | |
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Prescription Pricing | |
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Pharmacoeconomic Aspect of Proof Strength | |
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Common Systems of Measurement and Intersystem Conversion | |
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Apothecaries' Fluid Measure | |
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Apothecaries' Measure of Weight | |
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Avoirdupois Measure of Weight | |
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Fundamental Operations and Calculations | |
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Relationship Between Avoirdupois and Apothecaries' Weights | |
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Intersystem Conversion | |
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Conversion of Linear Quantities | |
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Conversion of Liquid Quantities | |
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Conversion of Weights | |
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Conversion of Temperatures | |
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Graphical Methods | |
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Linear Relationships on Rectangular Graph Paper | |
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Linear Relationships on Semilogarithmic Graph Paper | |
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Other Methods of Data Presentation: Tables and Charts | |
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Basic Statistical Concepts | |
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The Array | |
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The Frequency Distribution | |
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Averages | |
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Measures of Variation | |
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Aspects of Probability | |
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Glossary of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems | |
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Review Problems | |
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Answers to Review Problems | |
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Index | |
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Atomic Weights | |