| |
| |
| |
| Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Brain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Midsagittal section | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coronal section through the optic chiasm | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coronal section through the mamillary bodies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Axial image through the thalamus and internal capsule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Axial image through the midbrain, mamillary bodies, and optic tract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meninges | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ventricular system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | |
| |
| |
| |
| Herniation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blood Supply | |
| |
| |
| |
| The spinal cord and lower brain stem | |
| |
| |
| |
| The internal carotid system | |
| |
| |
| |
| The vertebrobasilar system | |
| |
| |
| |
| The blood supply of the internal capsule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Veins of the brain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Venous dural sinuses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Angiography | |
| |
| |
| |
| The middle meningeal artery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Development of the Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
| The neural tube | |
| |
| |
| |
| The neural crest | |
| |
| |
| |
| The anterior neuropore | |
| |
| |
| |
| The posterior neuropore | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microglia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Myelination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Positional changes of the spinal cord | |
| |
| |
| |
| The optic nerve and chiasma | |
| |
| |
| |
| The hypophysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Congenital malformations of the CNS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurohistology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nissl substance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Axonal transport | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wallerian degeneration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chromatolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regeneration of nerve cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glial cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| The blood-brain barrier | |
| |
| |
| |
| The blood-CSF barrier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pigments and inclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The classification of nerve fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tumors of the CNS and PNS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cutaneous receptors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spinal Cord | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gray and white communicating rami | |
| |
| |
| |
| Termination of the conus medullaris | |
| |
| |
| |
| Location of the major motor and sensory nuclei of the spinal cord | |
| |
| |
| |
| The cauda equina | |
| |
| |
| |
| The myotatic reflex | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tracts of the Spinal Cord | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dorsal column--medial lemniscus pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral spinothalamic tract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lateral corticospinal tract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hypothalamospinal tract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lesions of the Spinal Cord | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diseases of the motor neurons and corticospinal tracts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sensory pathway lesions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combined motor and sensory lesions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) lesions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intervertebral disk herniation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brain Stem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cross-section through the medulla | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cross-section through the pons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cross-section through the rostral midbrain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corticobulbar fibers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trigeminal System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The trigeminal ganglion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trigeminothalamic pathways | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trigeminal reflexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The cavernous sinus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Auditory System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The auditory pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hearing defects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Auditory tests | |
| |
| |
| Vestibular System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The labyrinth | |
| |
| |
| |
| The vestibular pathways | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vestibulo-ocular reflexes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cranial Nerves | |
| |
| |
| |
| The olfactory nerve | |
| |
| |
| |
| The optic nerve | |
| |
| |
| |
| The oculomotor nerve (CN III) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The trochlear nerve (CN IV) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The trigeminal nerve (CN V) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The abducent nerve (CN VI) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The facial nerve (CN VII) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The vagal nerve (CN X) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The accessory nerve (CN XI) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lesions of the Brain Stem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lesions of the medulla | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lesions of the pons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lesions of the midbrain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jugular foramen syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Locked-in" syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
| Central pontine myelinolysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Top of the basilar" syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subclavian steal syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
| The cerebellopontine angle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cerebellum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anatomy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The major cerebellar pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cerebellar dysfunction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cerebellar syndromes and tumors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thalamus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Major thalamic nuclei and their connections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blood supply | |
| |
| |
| |
| The internal capsule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Visual System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The visual pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| The pupillary light reflex pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| The pupillary dilation pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| The near reflex and accommodation pathway | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cortical and subcortical centers for ocular motility | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Autonomic Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cranial nerves with parasympathetic components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Communicating rami | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurotransmitters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hypothalamus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limbic System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Major components and connections | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Papez circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basal Ganglia and Striatal Motor System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basal ganglia | |
| |
| |
| |
| The striatal (extrapyramidal) motor system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neurotransmitters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Important transmitters and their pathways | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional and clinical considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cerebral Cortex | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The six-layered neocortex | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional areas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Focal destructive hemispheric lesions and symptoms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cerebral dominance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Split-brain syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other lesions of the corpus callosum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brain and spinal cord tumors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Apraxia, Aphasia, and Dysprosody | |
| |
| |
| |
| Apraxia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aphasia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dysprosody | |
| |
| |
| Appendix | |
| |
| |
| Index | |