| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Objectives of pruning | |
| |
| |
| Pruning strategies | |
| |
| |
| Inspect the tree before climbing | |
| |
| |
| Evaluate the tree before pruning | |
| |
| |
| Legal obligations | |
| |
| |
| Pruning severity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plant Selection and Management: The Best Way to Minimize Pruning Needs | |
| |
| |
| Good urban design | |
| |
| |
| Species selection | |
| |
| |
| Tree form and habit | |
| |
| |
| At the nursery | |
| |
| |
| In the landscape | |
| |
| |
| At the construction site | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tree Structure | |
| |
| |
| Forest-grown tree form versus open-grown form | |
| |
| |
| Branch attachment | |
| |
| |
| Branch and stem bark ridge | |
| |
| |
| Branch protection zone | |
| |
| |
| Strength of branch and stem attachment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tree Biology | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Roots | |
| |
| |
| Wood and canopy | |
| |
| |
| Compartmentalization of decay in trees | |
| |
| |
| Best management practices based on biology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pruning Cuts | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Reduction cuts | |
| |
| |
| Heading cuts | |
| |
| |
| Removal cuts | |
| |
| |
| Locating the right spot to make the cut | |
| |
| |
| Making the cut | |
| |
| |
| Learning how to make the right cut | |
| |
| |
| Removing dead, dying, and diseased branches | |
| |
| |
| Flush cuts | |
| |
| |
| Terminal bud cluster pruning | |
| |
| |
| Wound dressing on pruning cuts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pruning Tools | |
| |
| |
| Pruning shears | |
| |
| |
| Loppers | |
| |
| |
| Hedging shears | |
| |
| |
| Hand saws | |
| |
| |
| Chain saws | |
| |
| |
| Pole saws and loppers | |
| |
| |
| Climbing aids | |
| |
| |
| Aerial lifts | |
| |
| |
| Pruning carts | |
| |
| |
| |
| When to Prune | |
| |
| |
| Start pruning early | |
| |
| |
| In the nursery | |
| |
| |
| At transplanting | |
| |
| |
| Pruning cycles in the landscape | |
| |
| |
| Municipal pruning cycles | |
| |
| |
| Time of year | |
| |
| |
| Growth rate control | |
| |
| |
| Wound closure rate | |
| |
| |
| Flowering trees | |
| |
| |
| Fruit trees | |
| |
| |
| Minimize bleeding | |
| |
| |
| Pest control | |
| |
| |
| Palms | |
| |
| |
| Small ornamental trees | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nursery Shade Tree Production Pruning: Developing the Trunk and Leader | |
| |
| |
| Objective of nursery leader pruning | |
| |
| |
| Purchasing quality liners | |
| |
| |
| Subordination of competing stems | |
| |
| |
| Creating an upright dominant trunk | |
| |
| |
| Creating a straight trunk | |
| |
| |
| Staking | |
| |
| |
| Topping | |
| |
| |
| Splinting | |
| |
| |
| Tree shelters | |
| |
| |
| Trees with an unbranched trunk | |
| |
| |
| Tree spacing strategies | |
| |
| |
| Developing trunk caliper quickly | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nursery Shade Tree Production Pruning: Developing the Canopy | |
| |
| |
| Objectives of developing a nursery tree canopy | |
| |
| |
| Controlling vigorous growing branches | |
| |
| |
| Upright trees | |
| |
| |
| Clustered stems or branches | |
| |
| |
| Choosing the lowest branch in the canopy | |
| |
| |
| Spacing branches along the trunk | |
| |
| |
| Creating a uniform crop | |
| |
| |
| Cultivar selection | |
| |
| |
| Topping | |
| |
| |
| Shearing and rounding over | |
| |
| |
| Increasing canopy spread | |
| |
| |
| Developing large caliper trees | |
| |
| |
| Developing street trees | |
| |
| |
| Excurrent evergreens | |
| |
| |
| Pruning for sale in the nursery | |
| |
| |
| Developing a production protocol | |
| |
| |
| |
| Developing Special Forms on Young Plants | |
| |
| |
| Developing a single leader on a small ornamental tree or shrub | |
| |
| |
| Developing multiple trunks | |
| |
| |
| Developing fruit trees | |
| |
| |
| Developing and maintaining a standard form | |
| |
| |
| Creating special effects | |
| |
| |
| Developing an espalier | |
| |
| |
| Developing and maintaining a pollard | |
| |
| |
| Developing weeping plants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structural Pruning of Shade Trees in the Landscape: Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Why trees need structural pruning | |
| |
| |
| Objectives of structural pruning | |
| |
| |
| Decide what form is most suitable | |
| |
| |
| Single-trunked trees | |
| |
| |
| Low-branched, multi-trunked trees | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structural Pruning of Shade Trees in the Landscape: Execution | |
| |
| |
| Developing and maintaining a dominant leader | |
| |
| |
| Developing main lateral limbs | |
| |
| |
| General strategy | |
| |
| |
| Branch management on young trees | |
| |
| |
| Branch management on sheared trees | |
| |
| |
| Branch management on street trees | |
| |
| |
| Branch management on medium-aged trees | |
| |
| |
| Clustered branches | |
| |
| |
| Developing and managing lower branches | |
| |
| |
| Developing low branches | |
| |
| |
| Managing low branches | |
| |
| |
| Aerial roots on trees | |
| |
| |
| Conifers and other excurrent trees | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pruning Types on Established Trees | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Cleaning | |
| |
| |
| Thinning | |
| |
| |
| Reducing (Reduction) | |
| |
| |
| Raising | |
| |
| |
| Balancing | |
| |
| |
| Reducing risk | |
| |
| |
| Before a storm | |
| |
| |
| After a storm | |
| |
| |
| Restoration | |
| |
| |
| Topped trees | |
| |
| |
| Lions-tailed trees | |
| |
| |
| Tipped trees | |
| |
| |
| Storm-damaged trees | |
| |
| |
| Neglected trees | |
| |
| |
| Prune for pest control | |
| |
| |
| Directional pruning | |
| |
| |
| Vista pruning | |
| |
| |
| Slowing the growth rate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Considerations for Maintaining Special Sites and Trees | |
| |
| |
| Mature trees | |
| |
| |
| Street and parking lot trees | |
| |
| |
| Golf course and park trees | |
| |
| |
| Trees at the edge of woods | |
| |
| |
| Feature trees | |
| |
| |
| Trees separating fairways or in clusters | |
| |
| |
| Root management | |
| |
| |
| Ornamental cherries, crabapples, and other ornamental trees | |
| |
| |
| Fruit trees | |
| |
| |
| Crape-myrtle and other summer-flowering trees | |
| |
| |
| Palms and cycads | |
| |
| |
| Pruning near utility lines | |
| |
| |
| Conifers and other evergreens | |
| |
| |
| Weeping trees | |
| |
| |
| Columnar and upright trees | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standards and Specifications | |
| |
| |
| Standards | |
| |
| |
| Specifications | |
| |
| |
| How to hire an arborist | |
| |
| |
| Summary of tree pruning strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shrub Pruning | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Thinning | |
| |
| |
| Maintaining and reducing size | |
| |
| |
| Maintaining size | |
| |
| |
| Reducing size | |
| |
| |
| Hedging | |
| |
| |
| Developing a hedge | |
| |
| |
| Maintaining a hedge | |
| |
| |
| Rejuvenating a hedge | |
| |
| |
| Enhancing canopy density, slowing growth, and increasing flower number | |
| |
| |
| Pollarding and stooling | |
| |
| |
| Renovating | |
| |
| |
| Creating a small tree from an overgrown shrub | |
| |
| |
| Time of year | |
| |
| |
| Appendices | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |