Table of Exhibits | p. xvii |
Table of Cases | p. xix |
Preface | p. xxxv |
Foundations of Criminal Law | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 4 |
Overview of the Legal System | p. 4 |
Rule of Law | p. 4 |
The Constitution | p. 4 |
Separation of Powers | p. 5 |
Police Power | p. 5 |
Criminal Law | p. 6 |
Purpose of Criminal Law | p. 6 |
Sources of Criminal Law | p. 7 |
Model Penal Code | p. 8 |
Administrative Crime | p. 8 |
International Crime | p. 8 |
Change in the Criminal Law | p. 8 |
Divisions of Criminal Law | p. 9 |
Due Process | p. 9 |
Classification of Crimes | p. 9 |
Punishment and Criminal Law | p. 10 |
Introduction | p. 10 |
Retribution | p. 10 |
Deterrence | p. 11 |
Rehabilitation | p. 12 |
Critical Reason and Criminal Law | p. 13 |
The Dilemma of Crime in a Free Society | p. 14 |
Crime in the United States | p. 15 |
Current State of Crime | p. 15 |
Reasons for Drop in Crime | p. 15 |
Special Concerns: Present and Future | p. 16 |
Practical Considerations for the Study of Criminal Law | p. 17 |
The Significance of Studying Criminal Law | p. 17 |
About This Text: Applying State Law | p. 17 |
The System Folder | p. 17 |
Sample Cases | p. 18 |
Case I | p. 18 |
Case II | p. 19 |
Case III | p. 19 |
Case IV | p. 19 |
Case V | p. 20 |
Case VI | p. 20 |
Conclusion | p. 20 |
Administration of Criminal Justice and the Role of the Paralegal | p. 25 |
Introduction | p. 26 |
Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 26 |
Prosecutorial Agencies | p. 27 |
Defense Bar | p. 28 |
Corrections Agencies | p. 28 |
Criminal Court System | p. 29 |
Court Structure | p. 29 |
Jurisdiction | p. 29 |
Criminal Procedure | p. 30 |
Professional Ethics in Criminal Law Practice | p. 34 |
Introduction | p. 34 |
Adversary System | p. 34 |
Role of the Prosecutor | p. 35 |
Role of the Defense Attorney | p. 36 |
Role of the Judge | p. 38 |
Role of the Paralegal | p. 38 |
Paralegal Tasks in Criminal Law Offices | p. 38 |
Paralegal Ethical Responsibilities | p. 40 |
Other Professional Considerations | p. 42 |
Professional Development | p. 43 |
Conclusion | p. 44 |
Components of a Crime | p. 49 |
Introduction | p. 50 |
Harm or Likely Harm: the Classification of Crimes | p. 50 |
Actus Reus | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Voluntary and Involuntary Acts | p. 51 |
Omissions | p. 52 |
Possession | p. 53 |
Status | p. 54 |
Mens REA | p. 54 |
Introduction | p. 54 |
Model Penal Code Definitions | p. 55 |
General, Specific, and Transferred Intent | p. 57 |
Concurrence | p. 57 |
Strict Liability | p. 58 |
Causation | p. 59 |
Introduction | p. 59 |
Foreseeable Consequences | p. 60 |
Supervening or Superseding Causes | p. 60 |
Complicity | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
Common Law | p. 61 |
Modern Law | p. 62 |
Actus Reus in Complicity | p. 62 |
Mens Rea in Complicity | p. 63 |
Abandonment | p. 65 |
Accessory After the Fact | p. 65 |
Vicarious and Corporate Liability | p. 66 |
Introduction | p. 66 |
Vicarious Liability | p. 66 |
Corporate Liability | p. 67 |
Conclusion | p. 71 |
Crimes Against Persons and Crimes Against Habitation | p. 77 |
Introduction | p. 78 |
Elements of Crimes | p. 78 |
Lesser Included Offense | p. 78 |
Crimes Against Persons | p. 79 |
Introduction | p. 79 |
Homicide | p. 80 |
Assault and Battery | p. 94 |
Civil Rights Violations | p. 106 |
Sexual Battery | p. 107 |
Criminal Abuse | p. 119 |
Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Custodial Interference | p. 121 |
Crimes Against Habitation | p. 126 |
Introduction | p. 126 |
Arson | p. 126 |
Vandalism | p. 127 |
Burglary | p. 127 |
Conclusion | p. 130 |
Crimes Against Property, Public Order and Safety, Public Morals, and Justice and Public Administration | p. 139 |
Introduction | p. 140 |
Crimes Against Property | p. 140 |
Introduction | p. 140 |
Larceny | p. 140 |
Embezzlement | p. 143 |
False Pretenses or Fraud | p. 144 |
Bad Checks | p. 145 |
Receiving Stolen Property | p. 146 |
Forgery and Uttering a Forged Instrument | p. 146 |
Robbery | p. 147 |
Extortion | p. 150 |
Consolidated Theft | p. 150 |
Cybercrimes | p. 153 |
White-Collar Crime | p. 155 |
Crimes Against Public Order and Safety | p. 160 |
Introduction | p. 160 |
Disorderly Conduct | p. 160 |
Riot | p. 0161 |
Vagrancy and Loitering | p. 162 |
Endangering Public Health and Environment | p. 163 |
Use and Distribution of Firearms | p. 164 |
Crimes Against Public Morals | p. 165 |
Introduction | p. 165 |
Nonviolent Sexual Conduct | p. 165 |
Gambling | p. 170 |
Drug Offenses | p. 170 |
Crimes Against Justice and Public Administration | p. 173 |
Introduction | p. 173 |
Bribery | p. 173 |
Perjury | p. 174 |
Obstruction of Justice | p. 174 |
Resisting Arrest | p. 175 |
Escape | p. 175 |
Contempt of Court | p. 175 |
Conclusion | p. 176 |
Inchoate and Organized Crimes | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 186 |
Attempt | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Mens Rea in Attempt | p. 188 |
Actus Reus in Attempt | p. 189 |
Defenses to Attempt | p. 193 |
Conspiracy | p. 194 |
Introduction | p. 194 |
Mens Rea in Conspiracy | p. 195 |
Actus Reus in Conspiracy | p. 196 |
Defenses to Conspiracy | p. 203 |
Hearsay Exception | p. 204 |
Problems with Conspiracy | p. 208 |
Solicitation | p. 209 |
Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) | p. 210 |
Introduction | p. 210 |
RICO Elements | p. 210 |
Extent of Control | p. 211 |
RICO Conspiracy | p. 211 |
State Organized Crime Statutes | p. 211 |
Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE) | p. 211 |
Criminal Gang Control | p. 214 |
Conclusion | p. 216 |
Defenses | p. 223 |
Introduction | p. 224 |
Types of Defenses | p. 224 |
Effective Level of Defense | p. 224 |
Burden of Proof | p. 224 |
Constitutional and Statutory Defenses | p. 225 |
Introduction | p. 225 |
Freedom of Religion | p. 226 |
Freedom of Expression | p. 226 |
Freedom of Assembly | p. 227 |
Double Jeopardy | p. 227 |
Substantive Due Process | p. 229 |
Right to Privacy | p. 230 |
Statute of Limitations | p. 230 |
Justification | p. 231 |
Introduction | p. 231 |
Self-Defense | p. 231 |
Defense of Third Persons | p. 237 |
Defense of Property | p. 237 |
Resisting Unlawful Arrest | p. 237 |
Execution of Public Duties | p. 238 |
Excuse | p. 238 |
Introduction | p. 238 |
Duress | p. 238 |
Necessity | p. 239 |
Entrapment | p. 240 |
Insanity | p. 244 |
Missing Elements | p. 250 |
Introduction | p. 250 |
Actus Reus as a Missing Element | p. 250 |
Mens Rea as a Missing Element | p. 251 |
Consent | p. 254 |
Syndromes | p. 254 |
Conclusion | p. 254 |
Intake and Drafting the Complaint | p. 263 |
Introduction | p. 264 |
Intake Procedure | p. 264 |
Introduction | p. 264 |
Preparing for Intake | p. 264 |
The Interview | p. 268 |
Counseling the Victim | p. 271 |
Decision to Charge | p. 272 |
Authority, Limits, and Immunity from Civil Suit | p. 272 |
Joinder of Offenses and Defendants | p. 273 |
Drafting the Complaint | p. 275 |
Drafting from the Intake Form | p. 275 |
Drafting from the Police Report | p. 276 |
The Summons and Warrant | p. 278 |
Summons | p. 278 |
Arrest Warrant | p. 278 |
Checklist for Drafting and Filing the Summons and Warrant | p. 278 |
Docket Tracking | p. 279 |
Conclusion | p. 280 |
Search and Seizure | p. 309 |
Introduction | p. 310 |
Scope of the Fourth Amendment | p. 311 |
State Action | p. 311 |
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy | p. 311 |
Warrant Requirements | p. 320 |
Issuance: Probable Cause, Neutrality, Particularity | p. 320 |
Execution of the Warrant | p. 323 |
Warrant Subsequent to Search: Independent Source | p. 328 |
Exceptions to the Requirement for a Warrant | p. 328 |
Introduction | p. 328 |
Arrest | p. 328 |
Stop and Frisk (Investigatory Detention) | p. 332 |
Search Incident to Lawful Arrest | p. 333 |
Plain View | p. 335 |
Motor Vehicle Searches | p. 336 |
Hot Pursuit | p. 340 |
Evanescent Evidence | p. 341 |
Border, Regulatory, and Emergency Searches | p. 341 |
Consent Searches | p. 348 |
Inevitable Discovery | p. 351 |
Community Caretaking Function | p. 351 |
Electronic Surveillance | p. 353 |
Secret Agents | p. 356 |
The Exclusionary Rule | p. 356 |
Conclusion | p. 364 |
Confessions and Pretrial Identification Procedures | p. 371 |
Introduction | p. 372 |
The Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self-Incrimination | p. 372 |
Introduction | p. 372 |
Who Is Protected by the Right Against Self-Incrimination | p. 373 |
In What Kinds of Hearings May the Right Be Exercised? | p. 374 |
What Is Incriminating Testimony? | p. 374 |
When Can Incriminating Testimony Be Compelled? | p. 374 |
How Far Does a Waiver of the Right Extend? | p. 376 |
When Is Evidence Testimonial? | p. 376 |
Confessions and Interrogation: Miranda | p. 376 |
Introduction | p. 376 |
Miranda | p. 392 |
Issues Miranda Left Unanswered | p. 393 |
Effect of Denial of Right to Counsel (Massiah) and Harmless Error | p. 397 |
Challenging a Confession | p. 397 |
The Paralegal's Role | p. 398 |
Lineups, One-on-One Show-ups, and Photo Identifications | p. 399 |
Introduction | p. 399 |
The Right to Counsel at Pretrial Identification | p. 400 |
Due Process and Pretrial Identifications | p. 400 |
Conclusion | p. 402 |
Pretrial: Initial Appearance to Preliminary Hearing | p. 409 |
Introduction | p. 410 |
The Initial Appearance | p. 410 |
Introduction | p. 410 |
Notification of Rights and Determination of Indigency | p. 410 |
Bail | p. 411 |
Initial Appearance: The Paralegal's Role | p. 413 |
Pretrial Detention | p. 418 |
Interviewing | p. 418 |
Introduction | p. 418 |
Interviewing the Defendant | p. 419 |
Interviewing Witnesses | p. 424 |
Ethical Considerations | p. 425 |
Dealing with the Difficult Client | p. 425 |
Interview Summaries | p. 426 |
Other Preliminary Investigation and Preparation | p. 426 |
The Defense | p. 426 |
The Prosecution | p. 427 |
Preparing Questions for the Preliminary Hearing | p. 428 |
The Preliminary Hearing | p. 429 |
Extradition | p. 430 |
Conclusion | p. 430 |
Pretrial: Grand Jury to Pretrial Conference | p. 443 |
Introduction | p. 444 |
Grand Jury and Indictment | p. 444 |
Introduction | p. 444 |
Composition | p. 444 |
Powers | p. 445 |
Autonomy and Secrecy | p. 446 |
Procedure | p. 446 |
The Paralegal's Role: Prosecution | p. 447 |
The Paralegal's Role: Defense | p. 447 |
The Information | p. 451 |
Arraignment | p. 451 |
Introduction | p. 451 |
The Paralegal's Role | p. 452 |
Discovery | p. 453 |
Introduction | p. 453 |
The Law on Discovery | p. 453 |
Exculpatory Evidence | p. 454 |
Discovery Procedure and the Paralegal's Role | p. 455 |
Other Investigation | p. 458 |
Pretrial Motions | p. 458 |
Introduction | p. 458 |
Procedure | p. 459 |
Common Pretrial Motions | p. 459 |
Notice of Defenses | p. 461 |
Plea Bargaining | p. 461 |
The Right to a Speedy Trial | p. 463 |
Pretrial Conference | p. 464 |
Conclusion | p. 464 |
Trial: Rights, Procedure, Tasks | p. 485 |
Introduction | p. 486 |
Trial Rights | p. 486 |
The Right to a Jury Trial | p. 486 |
The Right to Counsel | p. 487 |
The Rights of Presence and Confrontation | p. 488 |
The Right to Present Witnesses, to Testify, or Not to Testify | p. 490 |
Fair Trial Versus Free Press and Public Access | p. 490 |
The Paralegal's Role in Preparation for Trial | p. 491 |
Introduction | p. 491 |
The Trial Notebook | p. 491 |
Preparation of Client and Witnesses | p. 492 |
Trial Materials | p. 492 |
Trial Procedure and the Paralegal's Role | p. 492 |
Voir Dire | p. 492 |
Opening Statements | p. 496 |
The Prosecution's Case and the Presentation of Evidence | p. 496 |
Defense Cross-Examination of Prosecution's Witnesses | p. 501 |
Motion for Judgment of Acquittal | p. 502 |
Defendant's Case in Chief | p. 502 |
Prosecution's Rebuttal and Defendant's Rejoinder | p. 503 |
Motion for Judgment of Acquittal or Directed Verdict | p. 503 |
Jury Instruction Conference | p. 503 |
Closing Arguments | p. 504 |
Judge's Instructions to the Jury | p. 505 |
Jury Deliberation | p. 505 |
Jury Verdict and Polling | p. 507 |
Posttrial Motions | p. 507 |
Purpose | p. 507 |
Types of Posttrial Motions | p. 507 |
Conclusion | p. 508 |
Sentencing, Punishment, and Review | p. 519 |
Introduction | p. 520 |
Goals | p. 520 |
Setting and Serving the Sentence | p. 520 |
Review | p. 520 |
Forms of Punishment | p. 521 |
Introduction | p. 521 |
Capital Punishment | p. 522 |
Incarceration | p. 528 |
Fines | p. 529 |
Restitution | p. 530 |
Forfeiture | p. 530 |
Probation | p. 531 |
Sentencing Statutes and Guidelines | p. 532 |
Sentencing Statutes | p. 532 |
Three Strikes Laws | p. 532 |
Sentencing Guidelines | p. 533 |
Sentencing Procedure | p. 536 |
Introduction | p. 536 |
Capital Sentencing | p. 536 |
Presentence Report | p. 536 |
Alternative Sentencing Plan | p. 537 |
The Sentencing Hearing | p. 538 |
Serving the Sentence | p. 543 |
Revocation of Probation | p. 543 |
Parole and Its Revocation | p. 544 |
Rights and Responsibilities of Prisoners | p. 544 |
Appeals | p. 545 |
Introduction | p. 545 |
Basis for Appeal | p. 546 |
Appellate Procedure | p. 547 |
The Writ of Habeas Corpus | p. 549 |
Introduction | p. 549 |
Criteria for Access to Habeas Corpus | p. 549 |
Habeas Corpus Procedure | p. 551 |
Conclusion | p. 551 |
Glossary | p. 591 |
Spanish Equivalents for Important Legal Terms in English | p. 597 |
System Folder Contents | p. 601 |
Excerpts from the Constitution of the United States of America | p. 607 |
Index | p. 613 |
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