| |
| |
| Author's Note | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Exploratory Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Graphical Displays | |
| |
| |
| Dotplots | |
| |
| |
| Bar charts | |
| |
| |
| Histograms | |
| |
| |
| Stemplots | |
| |
| |
| Center and spread | |
| |
| |
| Clusters and gaps | |
| |
| |
| Outliers | |
| |
| |
| Shape | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Summarizing Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Measuring the center | |
| |
| |
| Median and mean | |
| |
| |
| Measuring spread: range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation | |
| |
| |
| Measuring position: simple ranking, percentile ranking, and z-score | |
| |
| |
| Empirical rule | |
| |
| |
| Histograms and measures of central tendency | |
| |
| |
| Histograms, z-scores, and percentile rankings | |
| |
| |
| Boxplots | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Comparing Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Dotplots | |
| |
| |
| Double bar charts | |
| |
| |
| Back-to-back stemplots | |
| |
| |
| Parallel boxplots | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Exploring Bivariate Data | |
| |
| |
| Scatterplots | |
| |
| |
| Correlation and linearity | |
| |
| |
| Least squares regression line | |
| |
| |
| Residual plots, outliers, and influential points | |
| |
| |
| Transformations to achieve linearity | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Exploring Categorical Data: Frequency Tables | |
| |
| |
| Marginal frequencies for two-way tables | |
| |
| |
| Conditional relative frequencies and association | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Planning a Study | |
| |
| |
| Overview of Methods of Data Collection | |
| |
| |
| Census | |
| |
| |
| Sample survey | |
| |
| |
| Experiment | |
| |
| |
| Observational study | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Planning and Conducting Surveys | |
| |
| |
| Simple random sampling | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of a well-designed, well-conducted survey | |
| |
| |
| Sampling error: the variation inherent in a survey | |
| |
| |
| Sources of bias in surveys | |
| |
| |
| Stratifying to reduce variation | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Planning and Conducting Experiments | |
| |
| |
| Experiments versus observational studies versus surveys | |
| |
| |
| Confounding, control groups, placebo effects, and blinding | |
| |
| |
| Treatments, experimental units, and randomization | |
| |
| |
| Completely randomized design for two treatments | |
| |
| |
| Randomized paired comparison design | |
| |
| |
| Replication, blocking, and generalizability of results | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Probability | |
| |
| |
| Probability as Relative Frequency | |
| |
| |
| The law of large numbers | |
| |
| |
| Addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional probabilities, and independence | |
| |
| |
| Multistage probability calculations | |
| |
| |
| Discrete random variables and their probability distributions | |
| |
| |
| Simulation of probability distributions, including binomial and geometric | |
| |
| |
| Mean (expected value) and standard deviation of a random variable, including binomial | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Combining Independent Random Variables | |
| |
| |
| Independence versus dependence | |
| |
| |
| Mean and standard deviation for sums and differences of independent random variables | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| The Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Properties of the normal distribution | |
| |
| |
| Using tables of the normal distribution | |
| |
| |
| The normal distribution as a model for measurement | |
| |
| |
| Commonly used probabilities and z-scores | |
| |
| |
| Finding means and standard deviations | |
| |
| |
| Normal approximation to the binomial | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Sampling Distributions | |
| |
| |
| Sampling distribution of a sample proportion | |
| |
| |
| Sampling distribution of a sample mean | |
| |
| |
| Central limit theorem | |
| |
| |
| Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample proportions | |
| |
| |
| Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample means | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Statistical Inference | |
| |
| |
| Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
| The meaning of a confidence interval | |
| |
| |
| Large sample confidence interval for a proportion | |
| |
| |
| Large sample confidence interval for a mean | |
| |
| |
| Large sample confidence interval for a difference of two proportions | |
| |
| |
| Large sample confidence interval for a difference between two means | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Tests of Significance | |
| |
| |
| Logic of significance testing, null and alternative hypotheses, P-values, and one- and two-sided tests | |
| |
| |
| Large sample test for a proportion | |
| |
| |
| Large sample test for a mean | |
| |
| |
| Large sample test for a difference between two proportions | |
| |
| |
| Large sample test for a difference between two means (unpaired and paired) | |
| |
| |
| Chi-square test for goodness of fit | |
| |
| |
| Chi-square test for independence | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Special Case of Normally Distributed Data | |
| |
| |
| t-distribution | |
| |
| |
| Single sample t-procedures | |
| |
| |
| Two sample t-procedures | |
| |
| |
| Inference for slope of least squares line | |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Free-Response Questions and Answers | |
| |
| |
| Practice Examinations | |
| |
| |
| Practice Examination 1 | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Practice Examination 1 | |
| |
| |
| Practice Examination 2 | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Practice Examination 2 | |
| |
| |
| Practice Examination 3 | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Practice Examination 3 | |
| |
| |
| Practice Examination 4 | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Practice Examination 4 | |
| |
| |
| Practice Examination 5 | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Practice Examination 5 | |
| |
| |
| Appendix | |
| |
| |
| Formulas | |
| |
| |
| Standard Normal Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| t-distribution Critical Values | |
| |
| |
| X[superscript 2] Critical Values | |
| |
| |
| Random Number Table | |
| |
| |
| Index | |