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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic Study Designs in Analytical Epidemiology | |
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Introduction: Descriptive and Analytical Epidemiology | |
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Analysis of Age, Birth Cohort, and Period Effects | |
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Ecologic Studies | |
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Studies Based on Individuals as Observation Units | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Measures of Disease Occurrence and Association | |
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Measuring Disease Occurrence | |
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Introduction | |
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Measures of Incidence | |
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Measures of Prevalence | |
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Odds | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Measuring Associations Between Exposures and Outcomes | |
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Introduction | |
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Measuring Associations in a Cohort Study | |
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Cross-Sectional Studies: Point Prevalence Rate Ratio | |
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Measuring Associations in Case-Control Studies | |
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Assessing the Strength of Associations | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Threats to Validity and Issues of Interpretation | |
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Understanding Lack of Validity: Bias | |
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Overview | |
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Selection Bias | |
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Information Bias | |
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Combined Selection/Information Biases | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Identifying Noncausal Associations: Confounding | |
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Introduction | |
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The Nature of the Association Between the Confounder, the Exposure, and the Outcome | |
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Theoretical and Graphical Aids to Frame Confounding | |
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Assessing the Presence of Confounding | |
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Additional Issues Related to Confounding | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Defining and Assessing Heterogeneity of Effects: Interaction | |
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Introduction | |
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Defining and Measuring Effect | |
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Strategies To Evaluate Interaction | |
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Assessment of Interaction in Case-Control Studies | |
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More on the Interchangeability of the Definitions of Interaction | |
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Which Is the Relevant Model: Additive Versus Multiplicative Interaction? | |
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The Nature and Reciprocity of Interaction | |
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Interaction, Confounding Effect, and Adjustment | |
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Statistical Modeling and Statistical Tests for Interaction | |
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Interpreting Interaction | |
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Interaction and Search for New Risk Factors in Low-Risk Groups | |
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Interaction and "Representativeness" of Associations | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Dealing with Threats to Validity | |
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Stratification and Adjustment: Multivariate Analysis in Epidemiology | |
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Introduction | |
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Stratification and Adjustment Techniques To Disentangle Confounding | |
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Adjustment Methods Based on Stratification | |
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Multiple Regression Techniques for Adjustment | |
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Incomplete Adjustment: Residual Confounding | |
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Overadjustment | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Quality Assurance and Control | |
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Introduction | |
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Quality Assurance | |
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Quality Control | |
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Indices of Validity and Reliability | |
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Regression to the Mean | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Issues of Reporting and Application of Epidemiologic Results | |
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Communicating Results of Epidemiologic Studies | |
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Introduction | |
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What To Report | |
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How To Report | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Epidemiologic Issues in the Interface with Public Health Policy | |
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Introduction | |
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Causality: Application to Public Health and Health Policy | |
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Sensitivity Analysis | |
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Meta-Analysis | |
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Publication Bias | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Exercises | |
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Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals, and Hypothesis Testing for Selected Measures of Risk and Measures of Association | |
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Test for Trend (Dose Response) | |
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Test of Homogeneity of Stratified Estimates (Test for Interaction) | |
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Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures Manual for Blood Pressure Measurement and Blood/Urine Collection in the ARIC Study | |
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Calculation of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient | |
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Exercises-Answers | |
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Index | |
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About the Authors | |