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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Chapter Authors | |
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| Historical and Work Perspectives | |
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| Tides in Breastfeeding Practice | |
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| Evidence About Breastfeeding Practices | |
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| The Biological Norm in Infant Feeding | |
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| The Replacement of Maternal Breastfeeding | |
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| Technological Innovations in Infant Feeding | |
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| The Prevalence of Breastfeeding | |
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| The Cost of Not Breastfeeding | |
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| The Promotion of Breastfeeding | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Work Strategies and the Lactation Consultant | |
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| History | |
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| Do Lactation Consultants Make a Difference? | |
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| Certification | |
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| Getting a Job as a Lactation Consultant | |
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| LC Education | |
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| Lactation Programs | |
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| Developing a Lactation Program | |
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| The Unique Characteristics of Counseling Breastfeeding Women | |
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| Roles and Responsibilities | |
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| Legal and Ethical Considerations | |
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| Reimbursement | |
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| Private Practice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Anatomical and Biological Imperatives | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology of Lactation | |
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| Mammogenesis | |
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| Breast Structure | |
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| Variations | |
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| Pregnancy | |
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| Lactogenesis | |
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| Hormonal Influences | |
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| Milk Production | |
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| Autocrine Versus Endocrine | |
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| Galactopoiesis | |
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| Galactorrhea | |
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| Clinical Implications: Mother | |
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| Newborn Oral Development | |
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| Suckling | |
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| Breathing and Suckling | |
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| Frequency of Feedings | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| References | |
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| The Biological Specificity of Breastmilk | |
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| Milk Synthesis and Maturational Changes | |
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| Energy, Volume, and Growth | |
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| Nutritional Values | |
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| Anti-infective Properties | |
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| Chronic Disease Protection | |
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| The Immune System | |
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| Bioactive Components | |
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| Implications for Clinical Practice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Composition of Human Colostrum and Mature Breastmilk | |
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| Drug Therapy and Breastfeeding | |
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| The Alveolar Subunit | |
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| Drug Transfer into Human Milk | |
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| Calculating Infant Exposure | |
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| Minimizing the Risk | |
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| Effect of Medications on Milk Production | |
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| Review of Selected Drug Classes | |
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| Drugs of Abuse | |
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| Radioisotopes | |
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| Radiocontrast Agents | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Viruses and Breastfeeding | |
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| HIV and Infant Feeding | |
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| Exclusive Breastfeeding | |
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| What We Know | |
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| Health-Care Practitioners | |
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| Herpes Simplex Virus | |
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| Chickenpox/Varicella | |
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| Cytomegalovirus | |
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| Rubella | |
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| Hepatitis B | |
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| Hepatitis C | |
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| Human Lymphotropic Virus | |
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| West Nile Virus | |
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| Implications for Practice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal Periods | |
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| Perinatal and Intrapartum Care | |
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| Breastfeeding Preparation | |
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| Early Feedings | |
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| Feeding Positions | |
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| The Infant Who Has Not Latched-On | |
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| The 34 to 38 "Weeker" | |
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| Feeding Methods | |
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| Nipple Shields | |
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| Hypoglycemia | |
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| Cesarean Births | |
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| Breast Engorgement | |
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| Breast Edema | |
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| Hand Expression | |
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| Clinical Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Postpartum Care | |
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| Hydration and Nutrition in the Neonate | |
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| Nipple Pain | |
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| Engorgement + Milk Stasis = Involution | |
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| Breast Massage | |
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| Clothing, Leaking, Bras, and Breast Pads | |
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| Infant Concerns | |
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| Multiple Infants | |
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| Breastfeeding During Pregnancy | |
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| Clinical Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Breast-Related Problems | |
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| Nipple Variations | |
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| Plugged Ducts | |
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| Mastitis | |
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| Breast Abscess | |
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| Breast and Nipple Rashes, Lesions, and Eczema | |
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| Candidiasis (Thrush) | |
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| Breast Pain | |
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| Vasospasm | |
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| Milk Blister | |
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| Mammoplasty | |
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| Breast Lumps and Surgery | |
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| Bleeding from the Breast | |
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| Breast Cancer | |
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| Clinical Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Low Intake in the Breastfed Infant: Maternal and Infant Considerations | |
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| Factors That Influence Maternal Milk Production | |
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| Normal Milk Intake and Rate of Gain | |
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| US Growth Curves | |
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| Low Intake and Low Milk Supply: Definitions and Incidence of Occurrence | |
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| Abnormal Patterns of Growth: The Baby Who Appears Healthy | |
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| Abnormal Patterns of Growth: The Baby with Obvious Illness | |
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| Maternal Considerations: The Mother Who Appears Healthy | |
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| Maternal Considerations: Obvious Illness | |
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| History, Physical Exam, and Differential Diagnosis | |
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| Clinical Management | |
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| Intervention | |
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| Special Techniques for Management of Low Intake or Low Supply | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concept | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Jaundice and the Breastfed Baby | |
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| Neonatal Jaundice | |
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| Assessment of Jaundice | |
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| Postnatal Pattern of Jaundice | |
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| Breastmilk Jaundice | |
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| Breast-Nonfeeding Jaundice | |
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| Bilirubin Encephalopathy | |
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| Evaluation of Jaundice | |
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| Management of Jaundice | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Breast Pumps and Other Technologies | |
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| Concerns of Mothers | |
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| Stimulating the Milk-Ejection Reflex | |
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| Hormonal Considerations | |
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| Pumps | |
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| A Comparison of Pumps | |
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| Simultaneous and/or Sequential Pumping | |
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| Flanges | |
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| Miscellaneous Pumps | |
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| Clinical Implications Regarding Breast Pumps | |
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| When Pumps Cause Problems | |
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| Sample Guidelines for Pumping | |
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| Common Pumping Problems | |
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| Nipple Shields | |
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| Breast Shells | |
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| Feeding-Tube Devices | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Manufacturers/Distributors of Breast Pumps | |
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| Breastfeeding the Preterm Infant | |
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| Suitability of Human Milk for Preterm Infants | |
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| Mothers of Preterm Infants | |
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| Rates of Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration | |
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| Research-Based Lactation Support Services | |
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| Models for Hospital-Based Lactation Support Services | |
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| Initiation of Mechanical Milk Expression | |
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| Maintaining Maternal Milk Volume | |
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| Evidence-Based Guidelines for Milk Collection, Storage, and Feeding | |
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| Special Issues Regarding the Feeding of EMM | |
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| Feeding at Breast in the NICU | |
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| |
| Discharge Planning for Postdischarge Breastfeeding | |
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| Postdischarge Breastfeeding Management | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| The Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS) | |
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| Donor Human Milk Banking | |
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| Defining Donor Milk Banking | |
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| A Brief History of Human Milk Banking | |
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| Donor Human Milk Banking Beyond North America | |
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| The Benefits of Banked Donor Human Milk | |
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| Clinical Uses | |
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| Current Practice | |
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| Policy Statements Supporting the Use of Banked Donor Human Milk | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Storage and Handling of Expressed Human Milk | |
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| Beyond Postpartum | |
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| Maternal Nutrition During Lactation | |
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| Maternal Caloric Needs | |
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| Maternal Fluid Needs | |
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| Weight Loss | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Calcium Needs and Bone Loss | |
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| Vegetarian Diets | |
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| Dietary Supplements | |
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| Foods That Pass Into Milk | |
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| Allergens in Breastmilk | |
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| The Goal of the Maternal Diet During Lactation | |
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| Nutrition Basics | |
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| Macronutrients | |
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| Micronutrients | |
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| Clinical Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| |
| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| |
| |
| Women's Health and Breastfeeding | |
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| |
| Alterations in Endocrine and Metabolic Functioning | |
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| |
| Acute Illness and Infections | |
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| Maternal Immunizations | |
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| Surgery | |
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| |
| Donating Blood | |
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| Relactation | |
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| Induced Lactation | |
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| |
| Autoimmune Diseases | |
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| |
| Physically Challenged Mothers | |
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| |
| Headaches | |
| |
| |
| Postpartum Depression | |
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| |
| Asthma | |
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| |
| Smoking | |
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| Poison Ivy Dermatitis | |
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| |
| Diagnostic Studies Using Radioisotopes | |
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| |
| The Impact of Maternal Illness and Hospitalization | |
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| |
| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| |
| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| |
| |
| Maternal Employment and Breastfeeding | |
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| Why Women Work | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| The Effect of Work on Breastfeeding | |
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| Strategies to Manage Breastfeeding and Work | |
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| Community Strategies | |
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| National and International Strategies | |
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| Clinical Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| Other Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Child Health | |
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| Developmental Outcomes and Infant Feeding | |
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| Growth and Development | |
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| Theories of Development | |
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| Social Development | |
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| Clinical Implications | |
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| Immunizations | |
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| Vitamin D and Rickets | |
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| Dental Health and Orofacial Development | |
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| Solid Foods | |
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| Obesity | |
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| Co-Sleeping | |
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| Long-Term Breastfeeding | |
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| Weaning | |
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| Implications for Practice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concept | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| The Ill Child: Breastfeeding Implications | |
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| Team Care for the Child with Feeding Difficulties | |
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| Feeding Behaviors of the Ill Infant/Child | |
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| What to Do If Weight Gain Is Inadequate | |
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| Care of the Hospitalized Breastfeeding Infant/Child | |
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| Perioperative Care of the Breastfeeding Infant/Child | |
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| Emergency Room | |
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| Care of Children with Selected Conditions | |
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| Alterations in Neurological Functioning | |
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| Congenital Heart Disease | |
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| Oral/Facial Anomalies | |
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| Gastrointestinal Anomalies and Disorders | |
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| Metabolic Dysfunction | |
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| Allergies | |
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| Food Intolerance | |
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| Psychosocial Concerns | |
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| The Empty Cradle... When a Child Dies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Infant Assessment | |
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| Perinatal History | |
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| Gestational Age Assessment | |
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| Indicators of Effective Breastfeeding and Assessment Scales | |
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| Physical Assessment | |
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| Behavioral Assessment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| References | |
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| Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT) | |
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| LATCH Assessment Tool | |
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| Mother-Baby Assessment Scale | |
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| Via Christi Breastfeeding Assessment Tool | |
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| Fertility, Sexuality, and Contraception During Lactation | |
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| Fertility | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| Contraception | |
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| Clinical Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| References | |
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| Sociocultural and Research Issues | |
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| Research, Theory, and Lactation | |
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| Theories Related to Lactation Practice | |
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| Types of Research Methods | |
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| Elements of Research | |
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| Application of Methods to Qualitative Approaches | |
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| Application of Methods to Quantitative Approaches | |
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| Evaluating Research for Use in Practice | |
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| Using Research in Clinical Practice | |
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| Perspectives of Research Methodologies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| Internet Resources | |
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| References | |
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| Research Terms | |
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| Breastfeeding Education | |
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| Educational Programs | |
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| Learning Principles | |
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| Adult Education | |
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| Curriculum Development | |
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| Parent Education | |
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| Prenatal Education | |
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| Early Breastfeeding Education | |
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| |
| How Effective Is Breastfeeding Education? | |
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| |
| Teaching Strategies | |
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| Small Group Dynamics | |
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| |
| Multimedia Presentations | |
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| |
| Educational Materials | |
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| Educational Needs and Early Discharge | |
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| |
| Continuing Education | |
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| |
| The Team Approach | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Concepts | |
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| |
| Internet Resources | |
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| |
| References | |
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| |
| |
| The Cultural Context of Breastfeeding | |
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| The Dominant Culture | |
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| Ethnocentrism Versus Relativism | |
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| |
| Assessing Cultural Practices | |
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| |
| Language Barriers | |
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| |
| The Effects of Culture on Breastfeeding | |
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| |
| Maternal Foods | |
| |
| |
| Weaning | |
| |
| |
| Implications for Practice | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Internet Resources | |
| |
| |
| References | |
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| |
| |
| Families | |
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| |
| Family Forms and Functions | |
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| Family Theory | |
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| |
| Social Factors that Influence Breastfeeding | |
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| |
| Fathers | |
| |
| |
| The Adolescent Mother | |
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| |
| The Low-Income Family | |
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| |
| The Downside of Family Experience | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
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| |
| Key Concepts | |
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| |
| Internet Resources | |
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| |
| References | |
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| |
| Appendixes | |
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| |
| Clinical Competencies for IBCLC Practice | |
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| |
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| Code of Ethics | |
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| |
| |
| Summary of Eligibility Pathway Requirements to Become Certified by IBLCE | |
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| |
| |
| Prototype Lactation Consultant Job Description | |
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| |
| |
| Tables of Equivalencies and Methods of Conversion | |
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| |
| |
| Infant Weight Conversion Table | |
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| |
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| Breastfeeding Weight Loss Table | |
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| |
| |
| Patient History | |
| |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |
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| Figure, Table, and Box Credits | |