| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Statistics | |
| |
| |
Objectives | |
| |
| |
Subjects | |
| |
| |
Measures of Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
Mean Score | |
| |
| |
Median | |
| |
| |
Mode | |
| |
| |
Appropriate use of Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
What is data? | |
| |
| |
Normal Distribution of Data | |
| |
| |
Skewed Distribution of Data | |
| |
| |
Variability | |
| |
| |
Range | |
| |
| |
Quartile Deviation | |
| |
| |
Variance and Standard Deviation | |
| |
| |
Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
Standard Scores | |
| |
| |
Z Scores | |
| |
| |
Z Scores Table | |
| |
| |
T Scores | |
| |
| |
Stanines | |
| |
| |
Percentile and Percentile Rank | |
| |
| |
Grade Equivalence | |
| |
| |
Age Equivalence | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Correlation, Reliability and Validity Correlation | |
| |
| |
Objectives | |
| |
| |
Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
Scattergram | |
| |
| |
Interpretation of r | |
| |
| |
r[superscript 2] | |
| |
| |
Rho | |
| |
| |
Reliability | |
| |
| |
Methods for Estimating Reliability | |
| |
| |
Test-Retest | |
| |
| |
Equivalent Form | |
| |
| |
Internal Consistency | |
| |
| |
Aspects that Affect Reliability | |
| |
| |
Validity | |
| |
| |
Face Validity | |
| |
| |
Content Validity | |
| |
| |
Concurrent Validity | |
| |
| |
Predictive Validity | |
| |
| |
Construct Validity | |
| |
| |
Usefulness of Validity | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
The Meaning of Statistical Significance | |
| |
| |
Objectives | |
| |
| |
Hypothesis | |
| |
| |
| |
Error | |
| |
| |
| |
Error | |
| |
| |
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests | |
| |
| |
Tests of Significance | |
| |
| |
t-tests | |
| |
| |
How to Use a t-Table | |
| |
| |
Chi Square (X [superscript 2]) | |
| |
| |
How to Use a X[superscript 2] Table | |
| |
| |
F-Tests | |
| |
| |
How to Use an F-Table | |
| |
| |
Similarities and Differences between the F-test and the t-test | |
| |
| |
How to Use a Table to determine if r is Significant | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to the Concept of Interaction | |
| |
| |
Objectives | |
| |
| |
Definition of Interaction | |
| |
| |
Example of Plotting Interaction Data | |
| |
| |
What Can be Interpreted When There is Significant Interaction | |
| |
| |
Ordinal and Disordinal Interaction | |
| |
| |
Plotting Interaction for Three Treatments Across Gender | |
| |
| |
Dotted and Solid Lines | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Factorial Design and Its Interpretation | |
| |
| |
Objectives | |
| |
| |
Purpose of Research Design | |
| |
| |
One-way Analysis of Variance Design | |
| |
| |
Example of a 2 x 2 Factorial Design | |
| |
| |
Calculating Degrees of Freedom | |
| |
| |
Example of a 2 x 3 Factorial Design | |
| |
| |
Example of a 2 x 2 x 2 Factorial Design | |
| |
| |
Important Considerations | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Research Design: Internal & External Validity | |
| |
| |
Objectives | |
| |
| |
Pre-Experimental Designs | |
| |
| |
Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
| |
| |
Ex Post Facto Research | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Further Discussions on Research Designs | |
| |
| |
Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
The One Shot Case Study | |
| |
| |
| |
The Pre-test, Post-test Case Study | |
| |
| |
| |
The Simulated Before-After Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Groups - Non-Equivalence | |
| |
| |
| |
Experimental Control, Pre- and Post- test Design | |
| |
| |
| |
The Longitudinal Time Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Experimental and Control Groups Randomized Subjects | |
| |
| |
| |
Experimental and Control Groups Matched Subjects | |
| |
| |
| |
Before and After, with Control Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
The Solomon | |
| |
| |
| |
Type VI Error: Inconsistency Between the Statistical Procedure and the Research Question | |
| |
| |
Suggested Approach for Conducting Research | |
| |
| |
In Retrospect | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Method of Estimating a Study's Replicability | |
| |
| |
Statistically Significant Exact Replications of a Study | |
| |
| |
Replication in a Different System | |
| |
| |
Implications | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Appendices | |
| |
| |
| |
Table of Tests of Significance | |
| |
| |
| |
Computation of Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
Computation of Chi Square (X[superscript 2]) | |
| |
| |
| |
Computation of an Independent t-Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Computation of a Dependent t-Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Computation of a One-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Computation of a 3 x 3 Factorial Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a Correlational Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SAS Computer Setup for an Independent t-Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SAS Computer Setup for an ANOVA | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a 3 x 3 Factorial Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a Chi Square | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of a SAS Computer Setup for a Descriptive Program on Frequencies | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Correlational Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Chi Square | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of and SPSSX Computer Setup for a Dependent t-Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Two-Way (3x3) Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Example of Corrections of Multiple | |
| |
| |
| |
SPSS Analysis of the One-Way ANOVA Example in Appendix F | |
| |
| |
| |
SPSS Analysis of the Two-Way ANOVA Example in Appendix G | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Index | |
| |
| |
About the Authors | |