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| Preface | |
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| What is Participant Observation? | |
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| The Method of Participant Observation | |
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| History of the Method | |
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| Why Participant Observation Is Important | |
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| Enhancing the Quality of Data Collection and Analysis | |
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| Formulating New Research Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Learning to be a Participant Observer: Theoretical Issues | |
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| Learning To Be a Participant Observer | |
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| Observation and Participation | |
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| Participation and Observation: An Oxymoron in Action? | |
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| What Determines the Role a Researcher Will Adopt? | |
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| Limits to Participation? | |
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| Beyond the Reflexivity Frontier | |
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| Participant Observation on the Fast Track | |
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| Notes | |
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| Doing Participant Observation: Becoming a Participant | |
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| Entering the Field | |
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| First Contact | |
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| Establishing Rapport | |
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| Breaking Through | |
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| Talking the Talk | |
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| Walking the Walk | |
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| Making Mistakes | |
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| Notes | |
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| The Costs of Participation: Culture Shock | |
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| Coping with Culture Shock | |
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| Participating and Parenting: Children and Field Research | |
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| Reverse Culture Shock (Reentry Shock) | |
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| Note | |
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| Doing Participant Observation: Becoming an Observer | |
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| The Role of Theory and Conceptual Frameworks | |
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| Taking the Observer Role | |
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| Attending to Detail: Mapping the Scene | |
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| (Participatory) Community Mapping | |
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| Counting | |
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| Attending to Conversation | |
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| Field Notes as a Training Tool for Observation | |
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| Seeing Old Events with New Eyes | |
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| Practicing and Improving Observation and Memory | |
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| What to Observe | |
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| Just Experiencing | |
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| Limits to Observation | |
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| Ethnographer Bias | |
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| Notes | |
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| Gender an Sex Issues in Participant Observation | |
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| The Gendered Ethnographer | |
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| Up Close and Personal: Sex in the Field | |
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| Note | |
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| Designing Research with Participant Observation | |
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| Participant Observation and Research Design | |
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| Fundamentals of Design of Participant Observation | |
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| Objectivity | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Elements of Design | |
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| Choosing a Question | |
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| Appropriate Questions | |
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| Choosing a Site | |
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| Appropriate Methods and the Benefits of Triangulation | |
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| Enhancing Representativeness: Sampling in Participant Observation | |
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| Proposing Participant Observation | |
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| Research Objectives | |
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| Notes | |
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| Informal Interviewing in Participant Observation | |
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| Types of Interviews | |
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| Interview Techniques | |
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| Active Listening | |
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| Sensitive Silence | |
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| The Uh-huh Prompt | |
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| Repetition Feedback | |
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| Summary Feedback | |
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| Asking Questions in Interviewing | |
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| Tell Me More | |
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| For Clarification | |
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| Na�ve Questions | |
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| Avoiding Confrontation | |
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| Changing Topics | |
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| Talking About Sensitive Subjects | |
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| Concluding an Interview | |
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| Notes | |
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| Writing Field Notes | |
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| History | |
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| Kinds of Field Notes | |
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| Jot Notes | |
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| Expanded Notes: Field Notes Proper | |
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| Methodological Notes | |
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| Diaries and Journals | |
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| Logs | |
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| Meta-notes/Analytic Notes | |
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| Headnotes | |
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| Field Notes in Virtual Research | |
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| How to Record | |
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| Research Integrity: Who Owns the Field Notes | |
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| Notes | |
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| Analyzing Field Notes | |
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| Process of Data Analysis | |
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| Managing Qualitative Data | |
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| Data Reduction | |
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| Approaches to Indexing | |
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| Coding for Themes | |
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| Coding for Characteristics | |
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| Managing Coding and Indexing | |
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| Word Searches | |
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| Data Display | |
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| Quotes | |
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| Vignettes and Cases | |
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| Tables and Matrices | |
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| Charts | |
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| Decision Modeling | |
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| Interpretation and Verification | |
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| Audit Trails | |
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| Writing Up | |
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| Notes | |
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| Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation | |
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| Need for Competency | |
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| The Meaning of Informed Consent in Participant Observation | |
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| Right to Privacy | |
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| Ethical Conduct of Participant Observation in Online Settings | |
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| Ethical Publication | |
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| Relationships | |
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| Ethics and the Limits to Participation | |
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| Note | |
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| Appendix: Sample Field Notes from Three Projects | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |