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List of Tables and Figures | |
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List of Examples | |
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Introduction | |
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What Is Ethnography? | |
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Ethnography as Science | |
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The Historical Evolution of Ethnographic Methods | |
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Ethnography for Problem Identification and Solving | |
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Characteristics of Ethnography | |
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What Is Culture? Differentiating the Individual from the Cultural | |
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A Note on Ethnicity, Culture, and Race | |
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Power, Situatedness, and Positionality | |
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The Impact of Cultural Politics on Identity and Research | |
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When, Where, and By Whom Should Ethnography Be Used? | |
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Situations Requiring Ethnographic Research | |
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Settings Appropriate for Ethnographic Research | |
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Who Should Do Ethnographic Research? | |
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Important Personality and Stylistic Requisites for Ethnographers | |
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Paradigms for Framing the Conduct of Ethnographic Research | |
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Multiple Perspectives: A Cultural Way of Doing Research | |
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What Are Research Paradigms? | |
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The Positivist Paradigm | |
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The Critical Paradigm | |
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Interpretive Paradigms: Meaning-Making in Interactional Contexts | |
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The Ecological Paradigm | |
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The Social Network Paradigm | |
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A Paradigmatic Synthesis | |
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Summary | |
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An Overview of Research Design | |
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Research Design: A Blueprint for Action | |
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Research Designs in Social Science Research | |
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Quantitative Designs | |
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Qualitative Designs | |
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Rapid or Compressed Research | |
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Mixing Designs: Integrating Quantitative and Experimental with Qualitative Research Designs | |
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Choosing and Designing an Ethnographic Research Project | |
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Where Do Research Questions Come From? | |
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Deciding What to Investigate: Transforming Research Purposes into the Elements of a Research Design | |
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Putting Together the Elements of a Research Design | |
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Elaborating Research Questions | |
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What Are Data? | |
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The Processes of Operationalization and Research Modeling | |
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Conceptualizing Research Models and Conceptual Modeling | |
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Identifying Populations and Study Sites | |
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Strategies for Selection of Sampling and Units for Study | |
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Collecting Ethnographic Data | |
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Techniques for Collecting Multiple Types of Data | |
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Resources and Logistics: How Ethnographers Allocate Time, Money, and Staff | |
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Creating Planning Documents and Timelines | |
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Summary | |
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Data Analysis: How Ethnographers Make Sense of Their Data | |
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Analysis as Both a Cognitive Process and a Technical Procedure | |
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"Chunking" Data into Large Conceptual Categories or "Bins" | |
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Defining Terms: Operational and Conceptual Levels of Analysis | |
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Finding Initial Themes or Regularities | |
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The Item Level of Analysis: Isolating Empirical "Bits" from Streams of Data | |
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The Pattern Level of Analysis: Aggregating Similar or Related Items into Groups | |
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The Structural Level of Analysis: Assembling Multiple Patterns into Structures or Local Theories Informed by Conceptual Domains | |
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Seeking Complex Relationships across Domains and Structures by Using Multiple Levels and Sources of Data | |
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Interpreting the Results: Figuring Out What the Story Means | |
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Levels of Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Identifying and Building Research Teams and Research Partnerships | |
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Building and Conducting Ethnographic Team Research | |
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Building Interdisciplinary Community Research Partnerships | |
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Challenges and Rewards in Ethnographic Teamwork and Interdisciplinary Intersectoral Collaborations | |
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Applying Ethnography | |
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Introduction to Applying Ethnography | |
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Products of Ethnography | |
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Informing Public Audiences: Dissemination | |
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Developing Interventions: Formative Research | |
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Improving Quantitative Instruments | |
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Influencing Teacher/Educator Practice | |
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Democratizing Ethnography through Participatory Action Research | |
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Improving Process and Outcome Evaluations | |
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Influencing Policy | |
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Supporting Advocacy | |
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Contributing to Science | |
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Summary | |
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Protection of Risk to Human Subjects and the Ethics of Ethnographic Fieldwork | |
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A Brief History of Concern for the Ethical Treatment of Research Participants | |
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Ethics and the Individual Researcher | |
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Ethics and Institutional Issues | |
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The Special Concerns and Ethical Responsibilities of Ethnographers | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Index | |
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About the Authors | |