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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Controlled and Uncontrolled Separation of Parts: Cutting, Scraping and Spreading | |
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| Fracture Mechanics and Friction: Muscles, Impact and New Surfaces | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fracture Mechanics | |
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| Friction in Cutting | |
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| Muscles | |
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| Impact Mechanics and Hammering | |
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| Work of Formation of New Surfaces | |
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| Simple Orthogonal Cutting of Floppy, Brittle and Ductile Materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Floppy Offcuts | |
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| Different Types of Offcut Formation | |
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| Brittle Offcuts | |
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| Ductile Offcuts | |
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| Offcut Formation by Shear | |
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| Finite Element Simulations | |
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| Cutting Through the Thickness of Ductile Sheets and Plates: Shearing and Cropping | |
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| Types of Chip: Load Fluctuations, Scaling and Deformation Transitions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy Scaling | |
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| Variations in Depth of Cut and Rake Angle | |
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| Cutting with a Built-up Edge | |
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| Sawtooth Profile Chips | |
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| Classification of Chips | |
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| Wood | |
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| Slice-Push Ratio: Oblique Cutting and Curved Blades, Scissors, Guillotining and Drilling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Floppy Materials | |
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| Offcut Formed in Shear by Oblique Tool | |
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| Guillotining Edges | |
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| Drills, Augers and Pencil Sharpeners | |
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| Cutting with More Than One Edge: Scratching, Grinding, Abrasive Wear, Engraving and Sculpting | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Scratching of Low ER/k<sup>2</sup> Solids | |
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| Scratching of High ER/k<sup>2</sup> Solids | |
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| Grinding and Abrasive Papers | |
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| Scratch Hardness/Scratch Resistance | |
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| Scratching of Thin Films and Coatings: Pencil Hardness | |
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| Erosion | |
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| Definitions of the Coefficient of Friction | |
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| Engraving, Writing Tablets and Polishing | |
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| Sawing, Chisels and Files | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Knives and Chisels | |
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| Saw Teeth | |
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| Files | |
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| Punching Holes: Piercing and Perforating, Arms and Armour | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Quasi-static Piercing with a Pointed Tool | |
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| Quasi-static Circular Punching | |
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| Hollow Punches | |
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| Arms and Armour | |
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| Penetration and Perforation of Armour | |
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| Sharpness and Bluntness: Absolute or Relative? Tool Materials and Tool Wear | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tool Materials | |
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| Manufacture and Sharpening | |
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| Geometry of the Cutting Edge | |
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| Measurement of Sharpness | |
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| Retention of Sharpness: Tool Wear and Machinability/Cuttability | |
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| Effect of Bluntness and Clearance Face Rubbing on Cutting Forces, F<sub>C</sub> vs t Intercepts and Subsurface Deformation | |
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| Cutting Edge Sharpness and Workpiece Critical Crack Tip Opening Displacement | |
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| Compensation for Bluntness | |
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| Wiggly Crack Paths Produced by Very Blunt Edges | |
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| Unrestrained and Restrained Workpieces: Dynamic Cutting | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Minimum Speed for Cutting Unrestrained Workpieces | |
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| Comb Cutters | |
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| Optimum Shape for a Curved Blade | |
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| Cylinder Lawnmowers | |
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| Rotary Mowers and Strimmers | |
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| Cutting in Biology, Palaeontology and Medicine | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biology | |
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| Palaeontology | |
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| Medicine | |
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| Food and Food-Cutting Devices and Wire Cutting | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Properties | |
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| Food Texture | |
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| The Delicatessen Slicer | |
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| Wire Cutting | |
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| Teeth as Cutting Tools | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Jaws and Bite Force | |
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| Occlusion and Contact Mechanics | |
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| Sharpness and Wear of Teeth | |
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| Attack and Defence | |
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| Scaling | |
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| Burrowing in Soils, Digging and Ploughing | |
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| Properties of Soils | |
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| Roots | |
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| Earths, Sands and Burrows: Hole-making and Scraping by Animals | |
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| Earthmoving and Ploughing | |
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| Picks and Crampons | |
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| Unintentional and Accidental Cutting: Supermarket Plastic Bags, Falling Objects, Ships Hitting Rocks and Aeroplanes Hitting Buildings | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Grounding and Collision of Ships: Diverging and Converging Tears | |
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| Progressive Dynamic Fracture | |
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| Accidents Involving Cables | |
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| The Twin Towers | |
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| Friction Forces on a Wedge-shaped Tool Cutting Orthogonally | |
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| Friction in Cutting | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |