| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction and Review of Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Domain View of Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical View of Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Domain View of Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Converting Spectral Density to RMS Noise | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Op-Amp Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-Amp Noise Analysis Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introducing the Op-Amp Noise Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Broadband RMS Noise Calculation | |
| |
| |
| |
| 1/f RMS Noise Calculation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combining Flicker and Broadband Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise Model for Example Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Converting Current Noise to Voltage Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Including the Effect of Thermal Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combining All the Noise Sources and Computing Peak-to-Peak Output Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivation of Key Noise Formulas | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-Amp Noise Example Calculations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example Calculation #1: OPA627 Noninverting Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compute the Noise Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Get Key Noise Specifications from the Data Sheet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compute Total Op-Amp Voltage Noise Contribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compute Total Thermal Noise Contribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combine All the Noise Sources and Compute Peak-to-Peak Output | |
| |
| |
| |
| Example Calculation #2: Two-Stage Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Spice Noise Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Running a Noise Analysis in TINA Spice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Test the Op-Amp Model Noise Accuracy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Build Your Own Noise Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use TINA to Analyze the Circuit Given in Chapter 3 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feedback Capacitor Simulation Example | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Noise Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equipment for Measuring Noise: True RMS DMM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equipment for Measuring Noise: Oscilloscope | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equipment for Measuring Noise: Spectrum Analyzer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shielding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verify the Noise Floor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Account for the Noise Floor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measure Example Circuit #1 Using a True RMS Meter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measure Example Circuit #1 Using an Oscilloscope | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measure Example Circuit #1 Using a Spectrum Analyzer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measure Low Frequency Noise for the OPA227 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Offset Temperature Drift vs. 1/f Noise in Low-Frequency Noise Measurement | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise Inside the Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Five Rules of Thumb for Worst-Case Noise Analysis and Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detailed Mathematics for Bipolar Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detailed Mathematics for FET Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simplified Physical Connection Inside Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Popcorn Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Review of 1/f and Broadband Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is Popcorn Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Causes Popcorn Noise? | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Common Is the Problem? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Popcorn Noise-Current or Voltage Noise? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bench and Production Test for Voltage Popcorn Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bench and Production Test for Current Popcorn Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analyzing the Popcorn Noise Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Setting Limits to a Popcorn Noise Test | |
| |
| |
| |
| When Is Popcorn Noise a Concern? | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| 1/f Noise and Zero-Drift Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zero-Drift Amplifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zero-Drift Amplifier Spectral Density Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Low-Frequency Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measuring Low-Frequency Noise | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation Amplifier Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Short Review of Three Amp Instrumentation Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise Model of Three Amp Instrumentation Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hand Analysis of Three Amp Instrumentation Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simulation of Three Amp Instrumentation Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reducing Noise with Averaging Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photodiode Amplifier Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Photodiodes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Simple Transimpedance Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photodiode Current Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal Noise from R<sub>f</sub> | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise from Op-amp Voltage Noise Source | |
| |
| |
| |
| Total Noise (Op-amp, Diode, and Resistance) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability of Transimpedance Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photodiode Noise Amplifier Example Results | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photodiode Example Specifications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Photodiode Current Noise Calculations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-amp Specifications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-amp Voltage Noise Calculations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermal (Resistor) Noise Calculations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-amp Current Noise Calculations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Total Noise for Example Transimpedance Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spice Analysis of Example Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measuring the Noise for the Example Transimpedance Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Questions | |
| |
| |
| Index | |