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| Preface | |
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| Experimental Research in Science: Its Name and Nature | |
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| Defining Science | |
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| Science: Play or Profession? | |
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| Science and Research | |
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| Varieties of Experimental Research | |
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| Conventional Researchers | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Fundamentals | |
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| The Importance of Definitions | |
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| Toward Definition | |
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| Defining "Definition" | |
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| Common Terms Used in Definitions | |
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| Varieties of Definitions | |
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| Need for Definitions | |
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| What Definitions Should and Should Not Do | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Aspects of Quantification | |
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| Quantity and Quality | |
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| The Uses of Numbers | |
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| An Intellectual Close-up of Counting | |
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| The Process of Measurement | |
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| Quantities and Measurements | |
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| Derived Quantities | |
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| Units for Measurement | |
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| Fundamental Quantities and Dimensions | |
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| Dimensional Analysis | |
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| Accuracy versus Approximation | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Purpose and Principles Involved in Experimenting | |
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| The Purpose of Experimenting | |
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| Cause and Effect | |
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| Pertinence and Forms of Cause | |
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| Mill's Methods of Experimental Inquiry | |
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| Planning for the Experiment | |
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| Standardization of Test Material(s) | |
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| Reproducibility | |
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| Number of "Experiments" | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Planning the Experiments | |
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| Defining the Problem for Experimental Research | |
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| To Define a Problem | |
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| Relation of the Problem to Resources | |
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| Relevance of the Problem | |
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| Extent of the Problem | |
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| Problem: Qualitative or Quantitative? | |
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| Can the Problem Be Reshaped? | |
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| Proverbs on Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Stating the Problem as a Hypothesis | |
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| The Place of Hypothesis in Research | |
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| Desirable Qualities of Hypotheses | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Designing Experiments to Suit Problems | |
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| Several Problems, Several Causes | |
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| Treatment Structures | |
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| Many Factors at Many Levels, but One Factor at a Time | |
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| Factorial Design, the Right Way | |
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| Too Many Factors on Hand? | |
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| "Subjects-and-Controls" Experiments | |
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| Combined Effect of Many Causes | |
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| Unavoidable ("Nuisance") Factors | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Dealing with Factors | |
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| Designing Factors | |
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| Experiments with Designed Factors | |
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| Matrix of Factors | |
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| Remarks on Experiments with Two-Level Factors | |
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| Response of Multifactor Experiments | |
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| Experiments with More Factors, Each at Two Levels | |
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| Fractional Factorials | |
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| Varieties of Factors | |
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| Levels of Factors | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Factors at More Than Two Levels | |
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| Limitations of Experiments with Factors at Two Levels | |
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| Four-Level Factorial Experiments | |
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| Interactions | |
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| Main Effects | |
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| More on Interactions | |
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| More Factors at More Than Two Levels | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Craft Part of Experimental Research | |
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| Searching through Published Literature | |
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| Researcher and Scholar | |
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| Literature in Print | |
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| Overdoing? | |
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| After the Climb | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Building the Experimental Setup | |
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| Diversity to Match the Need | |
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| Designing the Apparatus | |
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| Simplicity, Compactness, and Elegance | |
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| Measuring Instruments | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Researcher as Handyman | |
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| Cost Considerations | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| The Art of Reasoning in Scientific Research | |
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| Logic and Scientific Research | |
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| The Subject, Logic | |
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| Some Terms in Logic | |
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| Induction versus Deduction | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Inferential Logic for Experimental Research | |
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| Inferential Logic and Experimental Research | |
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| Logical Fallacies | |
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| Argument | |
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| Categorical Propositions | |
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| Conventions, Symbolism, and Relations among Categorical Propositions | |
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| Diagrammatic Representation of Categorical Propositions | |
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| Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Ordinary Language and Arguments | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Use of Symbolic Logic | |
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| The Need for Symbolic Logic | |
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| Symbols in Place of Words | |
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| Conjunction | |
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| Truth Tables | |
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| Disjunction | |
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| Negation | |
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| Conditional Statements | |
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| Material Implication | |
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| Punctuation in Symbolic Logic | |
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| Equivalence: "Material" and "Logical" | |
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| Application of Symbolic Logic | |
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| Validity of Arguments | |
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| Reference | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Probability and Statistics for Experimental Research | |
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| Introduction to Probability and Statistics | |
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| Relevance of Probability and Statistics in Experimental Research | |
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| Defining the Terms: Probability and Statistics | |
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| Relation between Probability and Statistics | |
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| Philosophy of Probability | |
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| Logic of Probability and Statistics | |
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| Quantitative Probability | |
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| Nature of Statistics | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency (Average) | |
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| Measures of Dispersion | |
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| Tabular Presentations of Statistical Data | |
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| Grouping the Data | |
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| Graphical Presentations of Data | |
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| Normal Distribution Curve | |
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| Frequency Distributions That Are Not Normal | |
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| References | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Randomization, Replication, and Sampling | |
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| Need for Randomization | |
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| Applications of Randomization | |
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| Methods of Randomization | |
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| Meaning of Randomization | |
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| Replication | |
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| Samples and Sampling | |
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| Notions of Set | |
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| Permutations and Combinations | |
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| Quantitative Statement of Randomization | |
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| Sampling Methods | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Further Significance of Samples | |
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| Inference from Samples | |
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| Theoretical Sampling Distribution of X | |
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| Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Standard Normal Distribution | |
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| Frequency Distribution and Probability Function | |
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| Standard Normal Curve | |
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| Questions/Answers Using the APSND Table | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Planning the Experiments in Statistical Terms | |
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| Guiding Principles | |
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| Some Preliminaries for Planned Experiments | |
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| Null and Alternate Hypotheses | |
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| Accepting (or Rejecting) Hypotheses: Objective Criteria | |
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| Procedures for Planning the Experiments | |
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| Other Situation Sets | |
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| Operating Characteristic Curve | |
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| Sequential Experimenting | |
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| Concluding Remarks on the Procedures | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Statistical Inference from Experimental Data | |
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| The Way to Inference | |
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| Estimation (From Sample Mean to Population Mean) | |
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| Testing of Hypothesis | |
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| Regression and Correlation | |
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| Multiple Regression | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |