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| Preface to the fourth edition | |
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| Preface to the first edition | |
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| Preface to the second edition | |
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| Preface to the third edition | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Tissue-specific expression of proteins and messenger RNAs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tissue-specific expression of proteins | |
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| Specific methods for studying the protein composition of tissues | |
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| General methods for studying the protein composition of tissues | |
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| Tissue-specific expression of messenger RNAs | |
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| Specific methods for studying the mRNAs expressed in different tissues | |
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| General methods for studying the mRNAs expressed in different tissues | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| The DNA of different cell types is similar in both amount and type | |
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| Introduction | |
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| DNA loss | |
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| DNA loss as a mechanism of gene regulation | |
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| Chromosomal studies | |
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| Functional studies | |
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| Molecular studies | |
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| DNA amplification | |
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| DNA amplification as a mechanism of gene regulation | |
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| Chromosomal studies | |
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| Molecular studies | |
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| DNA rearrangement | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Gene Expression | |
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| Levels of gene regulation | |
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| Transcription | |
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| RNA polymerase I | |
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| RNA polymerase III | |
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| RNA polymerase II | |
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| Common features of transcription by the three RNA polymerases | |
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| Post transcriptional events | |
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| Capping | |
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| Polyadenylation | |
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| RNA splicing | |
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| Coupling of transcription and RNA processing within the nucleus | |
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| RNA transport | |
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| Translation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Regulation at transcription | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Evidence for transcriptional regulation | |
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| Evidence from studies of nuclear RNA | |
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| Evidence from pulse-labelling studies | |
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| Evidence from nuclear run-on assays | |
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| Evidence from polytene chromosomes | |
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| Regulation at transcriptional elongation | |
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| Initiation of transcription | |
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| Transcriptional elongation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Post-transcriptional regulation | |
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| Regulation after transcription? | |
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| Regulation of RNA splicing | |
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| RNA splicing | |
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| Alternative RNA splicing | |
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| Mechanism of alternative RNA splicing | |
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| Generality of alternative RNA splicing | |
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| RNA editing | |
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| Regulation of RNA transport | |
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| Transport from nucleus to cytoplasm | |
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| Transport within the cytoplasm | |
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| Regulation of RNA stability | |
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| Cases of regulation by alterations in RNA stability | |
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| Mechanisms of stability regulation | |
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| Role of stability changes in regulation of gene expression | |
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| Regulation of translation | |
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| Cases of translational control | |
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| Mechanism of translational control | |
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| Significance of translational control | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Transcriptional control-chromatin structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Commitment to the differentiated state and its stability | |
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| Chromatin structure | |
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| Changes in chromatin structure in active or potentially active genes | |
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| Active DNA is organised in a nucleosomal structure | |
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| Sensitivity of active chromatin to DNAase I digestion | |
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| Alterations in DNA methylation in active or potentially active genes | |
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| Nature of DNA methylation | |
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| Evidence that DNA methylation plays a role in regulating chromatin structure | |
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| Mechanism by which DNA methylation affects chromatin structure | |
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| Modification of histones in the chromatin of active or potentially active genes | |
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| Acetylation | |
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| Other histone modifications | |
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| Changes in chromatin structure in the regulatory regions of active or potentially active genes | |
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| DNAase I hypersensitive sites | |
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| Chromatin remodelling by proteins capable of displacing nucleosomes or altering their structure | |
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| Other situations in which chromatin structure is regulated | |
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| X-chromosome inactivation | |
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| Genomic imprinting | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Transcriptional control-DNA sequence elements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Relationship of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes | |
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| Co-ordinately regulated genes are not linked in eukaryotes | |
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| The Britten and Davidson model for the co-ordinate regulation of unlinked genes | |
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| Short sequence elements located within or adjacent to the gene promoter | |
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| Short regulatory elements | |
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| The 70 kDa heat-shock protein gene | |
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| Other response elements | |
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| DNA binding by short sequence elements | |
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| Mechanism of action of promoter regulatory elements | |
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| Enhancers | |
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| Regulatory sequences that act at a distance | |
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| Tissue-specific activity of enhancers | |
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| Mechanism of action of enhancers | |
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| Negatively acting sequence elements | |
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| Silencers | |
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| Insulators | |
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| Locus control regions | |
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| The locus control region | |
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| Mechanism of action of LCRs | |
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| Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerases I and III | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Transcriptional control-transcription factors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| DNA binding by transcription factors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The helix-turn-helix motif | |
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| The zinc finger motif | |
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| The leucine zipper, the helix-loop-helix motif and the basic DNA-binding domain | |
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| Other DNA-binding domains | |
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| Regulation of transcription | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Activation domains | |
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| How is transcription activated? | |
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| Repression of transcription | |
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| What regulates the regulators? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Regulated synthesis of transcription factors | |
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| Regulated activity of transcription factors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Gene regulation and human disease | |
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| Gene regulation and human disease | |
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| Proto-oncogenes | |
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| Elevated expression of oncogenes | |
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| Transcription factors as oncogenes | |
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| Fos, Jun and AP1 | |
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| v-erbA and the thyroid hormone receptor | |
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| Other transcription-factor-related oncogenes | |
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| Anti-oncogenes | |
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| Nature of anti-oncogenes | |
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| p53 | |
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| The Retinoblastoma protein | |
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| Other anti-oncogene transcription factors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Conclusions and future prospects | |
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| Index | |