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Geological Structures and Deformation | |
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Basic Concepts | |
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Stratigraphic Terms and Concepts | |
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Geometry of Inclined Planes and Lines | |
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Representation of Structures on Geological Maps | |
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Faults and Fractures | |
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Rock Fractures | |
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Fault Geometry and Nomenclature | |
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Rocks Produced by Faulting (Fault Rocks) | |
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Features Associated with Fault Planes | |
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Fault Associations | |
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Thrust Systems | |
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Strike-Slip Fault Systems | |
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Inversion | |
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Joints | |
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Folds | |
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Meaning and Significance of Folds | |
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Basic Fold Geometry and Nomenclature | |
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Fold Orientation | |
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Classification of Folds | |
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Geometry of the Fold Profile | |
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Description of Fold Systems | |
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Folds in Three Dimensions | |
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Folding Mechanisms and Fold Geometry | |
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Relationship Between Faults, Folds and Shear Zones | |
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Foliation, Lineation and Fabric | |
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Foliation | |
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Lineation | |
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Boudinage | |
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Fabric | |
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Stress | |
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Force and Stress | |
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Normal Stress and Shear Stress | |
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Stress at a 'Point': The stress components | |
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Principal Stresses and the Stress Axial Cross | |
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Stresses Acting on a Given Plane | |
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Hydrostatic and Deviatoric Stresses | |
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Stress Fields and Stress Trajectories | |
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Strain | |
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Nature of Strain | |
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Measurement of Strain | |
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Principal Strain Axes and the Strain Elipsoid | |
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Pure Shear and Simple Shear (Distortion and Rotation) | |
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Special Types of Homogeneous Strain | |
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Volume Change During Deformation | |
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Graphical Representation of Homogeneous Strain | |
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Progressive Deformation and Finite Strain | |
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Relationship Between Stress and Strain | |
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Stress and Strain in Materials | |
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Ideal Elastic and Viscous Strain | |
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Elastoviscous, Plastic and Viscoelastic Behaviour | |
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Brittle and Ductile Behaviour | |
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The Effects of Variation in Stress | |
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The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure | |
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The Effect of Temperature | |
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The Effect of Pore-Fluid Pressure | |
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The Effect of Time: Strain rate | |
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Summary: Physical Controls on Strain Behaviour | |
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Mechanisms of Rock Deformation | |
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Determination of Strain in Rocks | |
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Finding the Principal Strain Axis | |
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Initially Spherical Objects as Strain Markers | |
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Deformed Conglomerates as Strain Markers | |
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Bilaterally Symmetrical Fossils as Strain Markers | |
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Strain Determination in Three Dimensions | |
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Use of Fold Sets in Strain Determination | |
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Two-Dimensional Strain from Balanced Sections | |
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Bulk Homogeneous Strain | |
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Superimposition of Strains | |
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Faulting and Stress | |
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Stress Conditions for Brittle Failure | |
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Fault Orientation in Relation to Stress and Strain | |
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Faulting and Earthquakes | |
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Strain in Folds and Shear Zones | |
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Folding | |
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Characteristics of Buckle Folds | |
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Oblique Shear or Flow Folding | |
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Kinking and Formation of Chevron Folds | |
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Conditions Controlling the Fold Mechanism | |
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Shear Zones | |
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Structural Geology of Igneous Intrusions | |
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Structures Found Within Igneous Bodies | |
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Structural Classification of Intrusive Igneous Bodies | |
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Methods of Emplacement of Igneous Intrusions | |
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11.4 | |
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Emplacement of Cone-Sheets and Radial Dykes | |
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Mode of Emplacement of Large Intrusions | |
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Gravity-Controlled Structures | |
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Geotectonics | |
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Major Earth Structure | |
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Major Topographic Features of the Earth | |
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Present-day Tectonic Activity | |
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Stable and Unstable Tectonic Zones | |
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Plate Tectonics | |
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Historical Context | |
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The Concept of Lithospheric Plates | |
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Nature of Plate Boundaries | |
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Geometry of Plate Motion | |
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Driving Mechanism for Plate Motion | |
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Geological Structure and Plate Tectonics | |
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Recognition of Inactive Plate Boundaries | |
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Structure of Constructive Boundaries | |
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Structure of Subduction Zones | |
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Structure of Continental Collision zones | |
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Structure of Conservative Boundaries: The San Andreas Fault | |
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Structure of Intraplate Regions | |
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Structural Interpretation in Ancient Orogenic Belts | |
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The Caledon | |