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| Introduction to Biomechanics | |
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| What Is Biomechanics? | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Coordinate Systems | |
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| Force Vector Algebra | |
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| Static Equilibrium | |
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| Anthropometry and Center of Mass Determination | |
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| Friction | |
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| Dynamics | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Structure of the Musculoskeletal System | |
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| Gross Overview of Movements | |
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| The Skeletal System | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Bone | |
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| Soft Connective Tissue | |
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| Joints | |
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| Articular Joints | |
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| Joint Lubrication | |
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| Wear and Osteoarthritis | |
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| Cartilaginous Joints | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Neuromuscular Physiology and Motor Control | |
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| Introduction to Musculature | |
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| Structure of Muscle | |
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| Basic Cell Physiology | |
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| The Nervous System | |
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| The Excitation-Contraction Sequence | |
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| Motor Units | |
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| Types of Motor Units | |
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| Motor Unit Twitch | |
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| Basic Muscle Properties (Mechanics) | |
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| Active Length-Tension Relationship | |
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| Passive Length-Tension Relationship | |
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| Velocity-Tension Relationship | |
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| Active State Properties | |
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| Developments Leading to Hill's Muscle Model | |
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| Fatigue and Endurance | |
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| Energy, Metabolism, and Heat Production | |
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| Receptors | |
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| Muscle Spindles | |
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| Golgi Tendon Organs | |
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| Other Receptors | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Modeling of Muscle Mechanics | |
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| Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions | |
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| Partial Fraction Expansion | |
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| Transfer Functions | |
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| Viscoelastic Theory | |
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| Hill's Muscle Models | |
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| Active Muscle Response | |
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| Tension Buildup | |
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| Stress Relaxation | |
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| Creep | |
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| Time Constant | |
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| Frequency Analysis | |
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| Generalized Approach | |
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| Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Frequency Domain | |
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| Magnitude and Phase Angle in the Laplace Domain | |
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| Frequency Analysis of Passive Muscle | |
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| Hatze's Multielement Model | |
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| Applications of the Hatze Muscle Model | |
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| Control Theory and Motor Control | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| First-Order System | |
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| Second-Order System | |
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| Human Information Processing and Control of Movements | |
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| Root Locus Approach to Muscle Modeling | |
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| The Root Locus Method | |
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| Muscle Spindle Model | |
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| Time Delays | |
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| Velocity Control | |
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| Reflex Stiffness | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Models of the Upper Limbs | |
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| Anatomy of the Hand and Wrist | |
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| Bones of the Hand and Wrist | |
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| Joints of the Hand | |
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| Muscle of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand | |
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| Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis | |
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| Flexor Tendon Sheath Pulley Systems | |
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| Wrist Mechanics | |
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| Select Finger Anthropometry Data | |
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| Static Tendon-Pulley Models | |
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| Dynamic Tendon-Pulley Models | |
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| Complex Tendon Models | |
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| Reduction Methods | |
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| Optimization Methods | |
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| Combined Approaches | |
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| A Two-Dimensional Hand Model | |
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| Direct Measurement Validation Studies | |
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| Critical Evaluation of Modeling Approaches | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Musculoskeletal Disorders and Risk Factors | |
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| The Extent of the Problem | |
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| Common MSDs and Their Etiology | |
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| Tendon Disorders | |
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| Muscle Disorders | |
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| Nerve Disorders | |
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| Vascular Disorders | |
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| Bursa Disorders | |
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| Bone and Cartilage Disorders | |
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| Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of MSDs | |
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| Epidemiologic Approach to MSDs | |
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| Introduction to Epidemiology | |
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| Statistical analyses | |
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| Multivariate Modeling | |
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| Quality of Epidemiological Research | |
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| Scientific Research and Evidence for Occupational Risk Factors | |
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| Neck Disorders | |
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| Shoulder Disorders | |
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| Elbow Disorders | |
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| Hand/Wrist--Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | |
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| Hand/Wrist--Tendinitis | |
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| Hand/Arm--Vibration Syndrome | |
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| Scientific Research and Evidence for Psychosocial Risk Factors | |
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| Iatrogenesis--A Contrarian View | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wrist and Finger Motion Measurement | |
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| Types of Measurement Devices | |
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| Calibration Methods | |
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| Static Measurements--Range of Motion | |
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| Dynamic Measurements--Angular Velocity and Acceleration | |
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| Pressure and Force Distribution Measurements | |
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| Early Pressure Devices | |
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| Force Sensing Electronic Components | |
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| Integrated Touch Glove System | |
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| Nerve Conduction Measurements | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Nerve Stimulation and Recording | |
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| Response Measures | |
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| Limitations | |
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| Electromyography | |
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| EMG Instrumentation | |
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| EMG Analysis | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Job and Worksite Analysis | |
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| The Need for Job Analysis | |
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| Reliability and Validity of Assessment Tools | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Reliability of Assessments | |
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| Reliability of Analysts | |
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| Accuracy and Precision | |
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| Applications | |
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| Initial Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems | |
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| Initial Steps | |
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| Surveys and Subjective Ratings | |
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| Limitations of Surveys | |
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| Gross Posture and Task Analyses | |
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| Early Recording of Postures | |
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| OWAS | |
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| Posture Targeting | |
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| RULA | |
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| Video Posture Analyses | |
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| Task Analyses | |
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| Quantitative Upper Limb WRMSD Risk Assessment Tools | |
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| Checklists | |
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| Strain Index | |
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| OCRA | |
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| Recent Developments | |
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| Data-Driven Upper Limb WRMSD Risk Index | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Hand Tools | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Development of Tools | |
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| Tools and Musculoskeletal Injuries | |
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| General Tool Principles | |
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| General Biomechanical Considerations of Tools | |
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| Anatomy and Types of Grip | |
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| The Biomechanics of a Power Grip | |
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| The Biomechanics of a Precision Grip | |
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| Measurement of Skin Coefficient of Friction | |
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| Grip Force Coordination | |
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| Static Muscle Loading | |
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| Awkward Wrist Position | |
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| Tissue Compression | |
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| Repetitive Finger Action | |
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| Handles for Single-Handled Tools | |
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| Handle Length | |
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| Handle Diameter | |
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| Handle Shape | |
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| Texture and Materials | |
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| Angulation of Handle | |
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| Handles for Two-Handled Tools | |
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| Grip Span | |
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| Gender | |
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| Handedness | |
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| Other Tool Considerations | |
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| Posture | |
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| Weight | |
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| Gloves | |
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| Vibration | |
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| Rhythm | |
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| Miscellaneous | |
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| Agricultural and Forestry Tools | |
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| Shovels and Spades | |
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| Axes and Hammers | |
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| Saws | |
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| Other Agricultural Tools | |
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| Industrial Tools | |
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| Pliers | |
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| Screwdrivers | |
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| Knives | |
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| Meat Hooks | |
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| Power Tools | |
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| Railroad Tools | |
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| Mining Tools | |
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| Miscellaneous Tools | |
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| Questions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| The Office Environment | |
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| General Musculoskeletal Problems | |
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| The Seated Workplace | |
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| Seated Posture | |
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| Seated Posture at a Computer Workstation | |
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| Determination of Seated Comfort | |
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| Seat Pressure | |
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| Sit-Stand, Forward-Sloping, and Saddle Chairs | |
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| Work Surface and Line of Sight | |
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| The Keyboard | |
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| Standard Keyboard Features | |
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| Split and Sloped Keyboards | |
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| Layout of Keys | |
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| Chord Keyboards | |
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| Numeric Keypads | |
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| The Mouse and Other Cursor-Positioning Devices | |
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| Cursor Positioning | |
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| The Mouse | |
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| Mouse Alternatives | |
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| Notebooks and Handheld PCs | |
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| Control Measures | |
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| Rest Pauses | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |