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| List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes | |
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| Preface | |
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| To the Students | |
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| Elections and Political Parties | |
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| An Examination of Elections in the United States | |
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| The Role of Elections in Democratic Theory | |
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| Modes of Elections | |
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| Direct Elections | |
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| Indirect Elections | |
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| Implications for Representation | |
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| Representatives' Perspectives | |
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| The Public's Perspective and the Role of Parties in Representation | |
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| Definitions of "Political Party" and "Party Systems" | |
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| Politicians View the Party System | |
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| American Political Parties and Party Organization | |
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| The Development of American Political Parties | |
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| The First Party System | |
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| The Elections of 1796 and 1800 | |
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| Contributions of the First Party System | |
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| The Second Party System | |
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| Innovations of the Second Party Period | |
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| The Third Party System | |
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| The Fourth Party System | |
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| The Era of Reform | |
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| The Fifth Party System | |
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| A Sixth Party System? | |
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| The South | |
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| The Rise of the Personal Vote | |
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| Divided Government | |
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| The Modern Party Organization | |
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| Local and County Organizations | |
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| State Party Organizations | |
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| The Structure of the State Party | |
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| The Role of the State Party | |
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| Party Organization at the National Level | |
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| The National Committees | |
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| The "Hill Committees" | |
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| The National Parties Respond | |
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| Politicians View Party Organization | |
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| Voting and Other Forms of Political Participation | |
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| Who Votes; Who Doesn't | |
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| Expansion of the Franchise | |
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| Property Requirements | |
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| Black Suffrage | |
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| Women's Suffrage | |
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| Lowering the Voting Age | |
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| Additional Regulations: Residency and Registration | |
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| Decline in Voter Participation | |
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| Voting by Blacks | |
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| Voting by Young Voters | |
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| Voting by Women | |
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| What Distinguishes Voters from Nonvoters? | |
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| Voters in Presidential Elections | |
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| Models of Voting Behavior: The American Voter | |
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| Critics of The American Voter Model | |
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| Criticism by V. O. Key Jr. and His Followers | |
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| Criticism from Successors in the Michigan School | |
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| Presidential Voting Reviewed | |
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| Voters in Congressional and Senatorial Elections | |
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| Voting Behavior Theory Revisited | |
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| Participation in Politics in America | |
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| Politicians View Political Participation | |
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| Organized Groups in the Political Process | |
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| Organized Groups in American Politics | |
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| Political and Nonpolitical Associations | |
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| Politically Active Groups | |
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| Economic or Noneconomic Interests | |
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| Multipurpose or Single-Purpose Groups | |
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| Federal or National Groups | |
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| Electoral Activities of Organized Groups | |
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| Working within the Party | |
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| Group Ratings | |
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| Political Action Committees | |
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| Interest Groups' Influence on Their Members | |
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| Politicians View Interest Groups | |
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| Campaign Finance | |
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| The Long History of Campaign Finance Reform | |
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| The Climate for Reform | |
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| The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and Efforts at Amendment | |
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| Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976) and Its Impact | |
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| The Seven-Year Battle for McCain-Feingold | |
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| The Costs of Democracy and Who Pays for It | |
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| The Costs | |
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| Sources of Campaign Funds | |
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| Individual Contributions | |
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| Political Action Committees | |
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| Political Parties | |
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| Soft Money | |
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| Public Financing | |
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| Politicians View Campaign Finance | |
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| State and Local Nominations | |
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| Political Context and Politicians' Decisions to Run | |
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| Common Views of the Nominating Process | |
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| Development of the Direct Primary System | |
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| Primaries as a Response to One-Party Domination | |
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| Primaries as an Item on the Progressive Agenda | |
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| Varieties Of Primaries | |
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| Who May Run | |
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| Party Membership and Petition Requirements | |
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| The Role of Parties | |
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| Louisiana: An Exception | |
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| Cross-Filing: Another Exception to Party Allegiance | |
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| Who May Vote | |
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| Closed, Open, and Blanket Primaries | |
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| Theoretical Arguments Regarding Primary Voter Eligibility | |
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| Pragmatic Considerations Regarding Primary Voter Eligibility | |
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| Strategic Consequences of Different Primary Rules | |
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| Crossover Voting | |
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| Who Wins | |
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| Plurality Rule | |
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| Variations from Plurality Rule: Runoff Primaries | |
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| The Politics of Nominations | |
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| Uncontested Nominations | |
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| Contested Nominations | |
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| Incumbent Advantage | |
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| Contests without Incumbents | |
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| Politicians View the Nominating Process | |
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| State and Local Elections | |
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| The Conventional Wisdom: Old versus New Politics | |
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| The New Politics: Campaigning in a Media Age | |
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| The Role of Political Parties | |
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| The Role of Organized Groups | |
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| Media Politics | |
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| The Candidate's Organization | |
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| The Structure of a Modern Campaign | |
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| Public Opinion Polling | |
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| Media Consultants | |
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| Fund-Raisers | |
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| Scheduling and Advance Work, Press Relations, Field Organization, and Liaison to the Political Party and Organized Groups | |
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| Old-Style Politics: A More Prominent Role for Parties | |
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| Reexamination of the Role of Political Parties | |
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| Local Campaigns in the Absence of Party | |
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| Do Campaigns Determine Who Wins Elections? | |
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| Lack of Competition in American Elections | |
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| Incumbent Advantage in U.S. House and State Legislative Races | |
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| Competition in U.S. Senate and Gubernatorial Races | |
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| Credible Competition in American Elections | |
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| Third Parties in State and Local Elections | |
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| Politicians View the General Election | |
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| Presidential Nominations | |
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| The Post-1968 Reforms | |
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| The McGovern-Fraser Commission | |
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| The 1972 Nomination | |
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| Continuing Reform of the Process | |
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| The Reform Movement: An Assessment | |
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| Nominations under the Current System: 1992, 1996, 2000, and ... 2004 | |
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| The 1992 Nominations | |
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| The 1996 Nominations | |
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| The 2000 Nominations | |
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| The 2004 Nominating Process: The Ultimate Manifestation of Front-Loading | |
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| Strategic Considerations in the Contests for Nominations | |
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| The Political Calendar | |
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| Front-Loading the System | |
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| Super Tuesday | |
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| Filing Deadlines | |
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| Strategic Implications of the Political Calendar | |
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| The Rules of the Game | |
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| Proportional Representation versus Winner-Take-All Systems | |
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| Superdelegates versus Influential Party Leaders | |
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| Strategic Use of Campaign Resources | |
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| Office | |
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| Money | |
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| The Media | |
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| Evaluating Nominating Campaigns | |
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| The Conventions | |
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| Credentials Challenges | |
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| Rules Disputes | |
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| Party Platforms | |
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| Vice Presidential Nominations | |
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| An Evaluation of the Conventions | |
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| Politicians View the Nominating Process | |
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| Presidential Elections | |
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| From the Convention to the General Election | |
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| Organizing for the General Election | |
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| Structuring the Campaign Organization | |
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| The Campaign Headquarters | |
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| The National Committee | |
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| The Mobile Headquarters | |
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| Division and Integration of Authority and Responsibility | |
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| Functions of a Presidential Campaign Organization | |
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| Grassroots Politics | |
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| Staffing the Candidate's Plane | |
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| Staffing the Campaign Headquarters | |
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| Directing the Campaign Organization | |
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| The Inner Core | |
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| Expanding the Core | |
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| Co-opting the Losers | |
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| Setting a Campaign Strategy | |
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| Strategies for the General Election | |
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| Geographic Determinations | |
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| Coalition Strategies | |
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| Issue Strategies | |
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| Campaign Themes | |
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| Character as a Campaign Issue | |
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| The Issues Raised during a Campaign | |
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| The Strategic Use of Incumbency | |
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| Tactics for the General Election | |
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| Tactical Considerations of Where to Go | |
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| Tactical Considerations of Media Use | |
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| Tactical Considerations of Which Issues to Discuss | |
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| The Tactics of Presidential Debates | |
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| Third-Party Candidates in Presidential Elections | |
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| Politicians View the Campaigns | |
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| The Media and the Electoral Process | |
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| The Media in the Contemporary Context | |
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| Free Media: Journalists' Presentations of Candidates and Campaigns | |
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| The Varieties of Free Media | |
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| The Role of the Free Media | |
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| Informed Consent of the Governed | |
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| Window on the Candidates | |
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| Referee between Candidates | |
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| The Actual Role That the Media Play | |
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| The Great Mentioner | |
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| Image Creator | |
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| Expectation Setter | |
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| Issue Identifier | |
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| Field Narrower | |
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| Campaign Critic | |
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| Documentor of Elections | |
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| Purveyor of Results | |
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| An Assessment of the Role of Free Media | |
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| Why Do the Media Play the Roles They Do? | |
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| How Should We Evaluate That Role? | |
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| Paid Media: The Candidate Provides the Message | |
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| Types of Paid Media | |
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| Controversies Caused by the Use of Paid Media | |
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| Negative Advertising | |
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| Issue Advocacy Advertisements | |
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| Impact of Paid Media on Election Campaigns | |
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| Intended Consequences of Paid Media Campaigns | |
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| Unintended Consequences of Paid Media Campaigns | |
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| Politicians View the Media | |
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| Party in Government | |
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| Theoretical and Historical Context: Is Strong Party Government Possible in the U.S.? | |
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| Measuring Party Strength in Congress | |
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| Party Organization in Congress: The Leadership Hierarchy in the House and Senate | |
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| House Leadership | |
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| Democratic Hegemony | |
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| Republican Revolution | |
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| Gingrich and the 104th House | |
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| The Abortive Revolt of 1997 | |
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| The End of the Gingrich Speakership | |
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| Leadership in the 108th House | |
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| GOP Majority Power: Hastert, the "Hammer," and Party Discipline | |
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| Democrats in the Minority: Pelosi and Party Cohesion | |
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| The Backbone of House Leadership: The Whip Systems | |
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| Senate Leadership | |
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| Institutional Constraints on Strong Party Government: The 2003 Tax Cut Package | |
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| Circumventing Institutional Constraints? Conference Committees in the 108th Congress | |
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| The President as Leader of Party in Government | |
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| Politicians View Party in Government | |
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| The Role of Political Parties at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century | |
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| The Role of Elections | |
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| The Context of Federalism | |
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| Presidential Elections | |
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| Congressional Elections | |
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| State and Local Elections | |
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| Nonpartisan Politics | |
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| Voters and Elections | |
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| Television as a Source of Political Information | |
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| Television as a Source of Information about State and Local Issues | |
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| An Evaluation of the Electoral Process as a Means of Choosing Those Who Govern | |
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| The Role of Political Parties | |
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| The Parties in the Modern Election | |
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| Parties' Appeal to the Electorate | |
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| The Tone of Twenty-First-Century Politics | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |